Symptoms And Injuries Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

â€Å" Emotionless, that’s how I feel. Devoid of everything held dear. Changes neither perception nor direction, no matter how far or near. I go back to the things I know in the vain hope that it will lift me, breath life into me, give me a rush, help me and fill me. Nevertheless, what is left? I am emotionless that is how I feel.† A percentage of military personnel return from the aftermath of war, diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD† or major depression. The Counseling Services Act for Veterans and their Families in 1975 established for management of psychological symptoms and injury that may take years or decades to manifest. PTSD accounts for some 40% of Vietnam veterans, 78% of those diagnosed would never reach full symptom remission. There were questions on whether cases of delayed-onset PTSD malingered, the observance also manifest because of severe injury unrelated to combat (Hassija, Garvert Cloitre, 2015). Many veterans stru ggle processing their traumatic war experiences leaving them emotionless or feeling guilty in some way. Replaying episodes experienced in war-zone (friends, family, and military comrades). The distress causes self-blame and prevents individuals from seeking self-care. These things are not just struggles with military personnel but also civilians, who are afraid of taking first steps towards self-care, through Veteran Center or behavioral health facilities (Hassija, Garvert Cloitre, 2015). Social workers also struggleShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1494 Words   |  6 PagesCauses and Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) Post-Traumatic stress disorder has affected humans probably as long as we have had a higher consciousness, but it is only recently that researchers, medical professionals and psychotherapists have had much understanding into its nature and treatment. Although this disorder may be easy to describe, the effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder negatively affect a person’s mental health, physical health, work andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )861 Words   |  4 Pagesis very common and can very well lead to post traumatic stress disorder or PTSD for short. It is one of the most common mental health conditions in the United States because of the amount of people exposed to trauma. A traumatic event such as being in a war can cause post-traumatic stress disorder. War veterans have seen all sorts of horrors, such as friends and co-soldiers being slaughtered, guns, bombs, loud noises, and violence; as well as any injuries the veteran may have gone through. One exam pleRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1519 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder It is common for individuals who have gone through a traumatic experience to feel many types of emotions, to include distress, fear, helplessness, guilt, shame or anger. The individual may begin to feel better after just a few days or weeks, but sometimes these feelings don’t go away. If the symptoms last for more than a month, they may be experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD and should seek professional help. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, once knownRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder On A Family1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on a Family The symptoms of Post-traumatic stress can vary from patient from patient. Most common symptoms are flashbacks, hyper arousal and avoidance. The first article is â€Å"Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer and Their Families: A Randomized Clinical Trial.† In this article the researchers put together a random wait list control trial. They would have an intervention with the family of a cancer survivorRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes Symptoms and Effects Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesor suffered from a Traumatic Brain Injury during Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom. What this number does not include are the 39,365 cases of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (more commonly known as PTSD). (Department 2009) Although we usually think of war injuries as being physical, one of the most common war injuries is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and the effects can be devastating to a redeploying soldier w ho has come in contact with severely traumatic experiences. PTSDRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost-traumatic Stress Disorder: Symptoms and Treatment1612 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Statement of Thesis Post-traumatic stress disorder is a serious condition and one that is challenging in terms of identifying the disorder and effectively coping with this disorder. Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that the individual develops following a terrifying ordeal that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm. The person who develops PTSD may have been the one who was harmed, the harm may have happened toRead MorePost-traumatic stress disorder is defined as an anxiety disorder that follows a traumatic event1000 Words   |  4 PagesPost-traumatic stress disorder is defined as an anxiety disorder that follows a traumatic event where the following two things were present: first, â€Å"the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others (ESTSS, 2014); second, â€Å"the persons response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror (ESTSS, 2014).† The diagnosis of PTSD was entered into the DSM inRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1095 Words   |  5 PagesPTSD in Catcher in the Rye Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is most commonly thought of as an illness men and women acquire from experiences while serving in the wars. Some do not even know what it is or how much it affects people s lives. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger helps to convey what Post Traumatic Stress Disorder really is. PTSD is a curable condition triggered by a traumatic event with many types, causes, and symptoms displayed by Holden Caulfield. All of the peopleRead MoreToday’s Soldier: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesWe usually think of war injuries as being physical, although one of the most common war injuries is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and the effects can be devastating. PTSD is an emotional illness classified as an anxiety disorder and usually develops because of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe event, often experienced in combat. Although this condition has likely existed since humans have endured trauma, PTSD has only been recognized as a formal diagnosis

Is Katniss A Hero - 778 Words

Natalia Mongo September 13, 2015 ENC1102 Is Katniss a Hero? The Hunger Games takes place in the future where the nation is divided into 12 districts. Every year two young individuals are chosen from each distract to fight in the hunger games which was made up because many years ago the districts had a rebellion against the capital and lost so they set up the hunger games to show that they have control. The tributes are chosen by a raffle, one boy and one girl. This year Peeta, a baker’s son and 16 years old Katniss Everdeen’s younger sister, Prim, are both chosen. The games are set up so everyone in each district can watch all the tributes fight to their deaths. For the first time ever seen, Katniss volunteers to take Prim’s place in the games. Many wonder, what would have occurred in the games if Katniss did not volunteer for her sister. The creator of this movie, Suzanne Collins, stated I was flipping through images of reality television, there were these young people competing for a million dollars ... and I saw images of the Iraq War, two things began to sort of fuse together in a very unsettling way, and there is really the moment when I got the idea for Katniss story. (Forer, 2012).Collins began seeing images of the Iraq war was because her father served in the war when she was little and she wants young people to think about the cruelty of war. To put together what she saw on television and the idea of young people realizing the brutality of war she came upShow MoreRelatedEssay On Katniss A Hero In The Hunger Games715 Words   |  3 Pages In the novel â€Å"The Hunger Games† Suzanne Collins conveys the qualities of a hero through the main character Katniss Everdeen. The novel is based around a dystopian nation, in which is placed in Panem. Through which a boy and a girl from each district must take part in ‘The Hunger Games’ where they have to fight to the death, until there is one survivor. Katniss subsequently evolves as a significant hero portraying the heroic qualities such as selflessness, identity change and intelligence. SelflessnessRead MoreThe Modern Mythology Hero Katniss Evergreen Essay569 Words   |  3 PagesKatniss Everdeen is one of the best heroes in modern mythology. â€Å"Katniss Everdeen. She is the hero we need.† (Kim, Daniel J). Katniss isn’t like other heroes in modern mythology. Heroes today are characterized by their aggression and dominance but not Katniss. Katniss is strong when she has to be, but deep inside she is truly scared. Joseph Cambell’s 17 stages monomyth is able to map out a hero’s journey and express the steps taken to become a hero. Katniss is a highly qualified hero and accomplishesRead MoreIN WHAT WAYS DOES KATNISS EVERDEEN CHALLENGE OR CONFIRM OUR UNDERSTANDING OF A TYPICAL HERO IN THE HUNGER GAMES?1104 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion of whether Katniss Everdeen, of The Hunger Games, confirms or challenges the idea of an archetypal hero is one debated worldwide. Throughout the novel, written by Suzanne Collins, Katniss demonstrates qualities and undertakes actions which are, without a doubt, heroic. However, whether or not this makes her a hero is dependent upon who you are asking; many characters in the novel would have very different ideas as to what a hero is. Also, although Katniss may come off as a hero many times inRead MoreThe Hunger Games : A Hero s Journey847 Words   |  4 PagesA Hero s Journey In the history of cinema, most movies involving a hero s journey involve mostly the same plot; man gets a call, goes on a journey, gets in a battle or two, and saves the helpless woman from some evil source. The Hunger Games has the same plot as other hero films, but takes a complete turn on the actor encompassing the hero. The hero in this film is a Katniss Everdeen, a poor girl from a dystopian society. In this film Katniss volunteers for her sister to be in the Hunger GamesRead MorePeeta: Not Your Average Bakers Boy811 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to Joseph Campbell, â€Å"A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself.† Everyone imagines heroes differently. Heroes do not always have to have supernatural abilities. They can simply be regular people who make a difference in someone’s life. Peeta, from the Hunger Games Trilogy, is a hero in his own way. Peeta is just a regular young man until he is forced to go into the arena and f ight to the death on live television. Peeta does not know the effect heRead MoreThe Movie The Hunger Games 889 Words   |  4 Pagesheroes are always the male character and there were never any females that were a hero/heroine. Joseph Campbell talked a little bit about the heroine, who is a female hero, and most people do not believe that women can be heroes. The first thing that caught my attention in The Hunger Games movie series was the main character and hero, Katniss Everdeen. She was a great example of a hero. She embodies the definition of a hero by the sense of the word; she was not only a great fighter in front of a strongRead MoreHe Heroic Journey : Katniss Everdeen848 Words   |  4 Pageshe Heroic Journey of Katniss Everdeen In the history of cinema, most movies involving a hero s journey have mostly the same plot. A man gets a call, goes on a journey, gets in a battle or two, and saves a helpless woman from some evil source. The Hunger Games has the exact plot but takes a complete turn regarding the hero in the film. The hero in this film is a Katniss Everdeen, a poor girl from a dystopian society. In this film Katniss volunteers for her sister to be in the Hunger Games, whichRead MoreThe Movie The Hunger Games 894 Words   |  4 Pagesheroes are always the male character and there were never any females that were a hero/heroine. Joseph Campbell talked a little bit about the heroine, who is a female hero, and most people do not believe that women can be heroes. The first thing that caught my attention in The Hunger Games movie series was the main character and hero, Katniss Everdeen. She was a great example of a hero. She embodies the definition of a hero by the sense of the word; she was not only a g reat fighter in front of a strongRead MoreTheme Of Heroism In The Hunger Games808 Words   |  4 Pagesqualities of the characters Katniss, Thresh, and Peeta. These protagonist characters demonstrate the qualities, heroism, love, strong willed, bravery, respect, affection, and, determination. The definition of a hero is someone a person looks up to for their courage and bravery In part two of The Hunger Games Katniss signifies her heroic qualities of love, affection, and bravery as she decorates a 12 yr old girl tribute Rue from district 11 in flowers after she dies. Katniss then presses her three middleRead MoreKatniss Everdeen: The Greatest Heroine of Our Generation708 Words   |  3 Pagesdefine a â€Å"hero† as â€Å"a man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his brave deeds and noble quality but thats mean that women can’t be heroes too. Katniss Everdeen at â€Å"The Hunger Games† exhibits all the characteristics of a real â€Å"hero†. Her appearance fools foes as a weak and easy target to kill. Katniss’ has many abilities but her mind is her greatest power. She exemplifies that women can be heroes and one don’t need to be perfect to be a hero. Katniss Everdeen is our greatest hero of our

Baby Boomers and their unique relationship with alcohol and Other drugs Free Essays

In reality, older adults take a greater toll than younger adults for substance abuse and alcoholism, their increasing number is alarming as they approach the next century. It was predicted by the United States Bureau of Census that the growth of baby boomers also known as adult population will more than double by the year 2050 (Atkinson, R. 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Baby Boomers and their unique relationship with alcohol and Other drugs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Baby boomers unique relationship with alcohol and drug abuse paved the way for psychosocial concerns and may accelerate decline on their physiological welfare. These individuals are at risk for serious illnesses, injuries and socioeconomic downfall. A typical baby boomer will disapprove the possibility of treatment and corrections (Fries, F. 2001). Many individuals in this age group are reluctant and ashamed of admitting their use and misuse of drugs and alcohol and seek professional help (Atkinson, R. 2000). They consider the situation as a private matter and need not have intervention from other people. Even relatives of this adult population whom are into substance abuse and alcoholism are ashamed of the current situation and would rather keep themselves in silence and not address the current situation. Most of the relatives thought that the older individuals who are into alcohol and drugs are happy and there was no difference if they intended to continue their habitual vices for they will not stay much longer in this world (Schulenberg, J. 2002). There is unspoken assumption that it was not worth to correct and treat the older individuals for alcohol and drug abuse makes the matter worst and increase their numbers in the society. Discussion The aging of Baby Boomers who were into an early alcohol and substance abuse would be an alarming sign of greater problems in the future. The physical and psychological effects of alcohol and drug abuse to older individuals may influence their children and carry the habit when they reach old age too (Schulenberg, J. 2002). The potential increase in alcohol and drugs morbidity will affect the future health services. Though there seem to be no urgency to correct the unique relationship of Baby Boomers to alcohol and other drugs with impressions that treatment of older population will not be a success and only a waste of health care resources. These callous attitudes of many individuals will only create problems that will affect the future generation (Atkinson, R. 2000). The impressions of depression for other adults who can do self-medication and can live alone will only lower their living satisfaction and further enhanced by past experiences of loosing their spouse, unemployment, injuries and depression (Fries, F. 2001). They are also facing chronic and lingering illnesses such as diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, senility and other forms of ailments that made them dependent to other individuals while performing their daily activities. The prevailing cultural beliefs of individuals in the age bracket of sixty and older will encounter abuse or misuse of alcohol and other drugs, good examples are buying over-the-counter drugs cough suppressants with high alcohol content that could interact negatively with other medicines they are taking (Fries, F. 2001). The unique relationship of older adults to alcohol and other drugs cannot be easily identified due to their similarities with other symptoms of illnesses common to aged. They may keep on reminding the health care professional the similarities of their prevailing condition from their parents and grandparents (Epstein, F. 2002). The recognition of alcohol and other substances abused are not typical for the younger population because they are now living independently, no longer employed, with lesser socialization and may no longer be driving, hence reducing the potential to trace their alcohol and other drugs in their system. There are circumstances that older individuals are into prescription drugs like sedatives, hypnotics and depressants with problematic effect brought by age-related metabolism and negative chemical and alcohol interactions with other prescribed medications (Schulenberg, J. 2002). The adverse effects of drugs and alcohol to older individual are cognitive impairment, physiological impairment, delirium and greater risk of falling that needs medical intervention and institutionalization. The age-related changes varies according to their body systems, the parameter of their alcohol and drugs intake can be medically hazardous despite of lower frequency of intake (Atkinson, R. 2000). The older individual unique responses with alcohol and other drugs will undoubtedly increase false diagnostic procedures and may diminish their quality of living. The complexity of Baby Boomers condition makes the diagnosis and treatment difficult and will serve as barriers for effective recovery from the disorders (Fries, F. 2001). Being old was coined during the mid-1960s to describe the Baby Boomers tendency to react negatively to corrections instead of looking for specific causes of their medical, social, biological, psychological and physical conditions (Epstein, F. 2002). It was further deteriorated by other people’s assumption that older person comprised powerlessness, uselessness and death. This stereotype internalization may categorize the older person as senile though in reality was afflicted with treatable ailments cause by alcohol and other drugs abuse. Caregivers may have good intention but the confusion and unchallenging condition of older individual age-related illnesses while conducting routine medical monitoring would deem not worthy of treating for they would die soon anyway. Other factor that contributes to worsening condition of older individual is the stigma associated to gender, religion and culture. The older individual’s perception of alcohol and drugs during 1950s was influenced by advertisement from moral failing to prosperity and achievement. They are also very sensitive to issues concerning psychiatric disorders and reluctant to acknowledge symptoms of alcohol and other drug abuse (Fries, F. 2001). Many of older individual will simply relate their problems to old age and would think that alcoholism and drug related dependency is a youth problem. They keep on masking their serious drinking of alcohol as a pleasure and a kind of social drinking for they already accomplished their family responsibilities and does not have any work to do (Epstein, F. 2002). The multiple symptoms for older individual made it difficult of health care providers to suspect that they are into alcoholism and drug abused, typical symptoms includes irritability, insomnia, chronic pain, common medical disorder or combination of any of these conditions. Stereotyping is another barrier to detect the symptoms of alcohol and other drugs abuse for older individual especially for women who came from higher socioeconomic background. The individual patient’s age is correlated on the length of physician’s time spent; the older the patient, the lesser the time spent by the physician (Atkinson, R. 2000). This is due to older individual’s lesser complaint and it is not easier to detect his underlying problem on alcohol and other drug abuse. The unique relationship of older individual with alcohol and other drug abuse increasingly compete with his other health problems (Atkinson, R. 2000). The immediate family members of confined elderly will give higher priority to physical conditions concerning heart, renal failure or other organ failure, psychological impressions while alcoholism and drug abuse is usually at the least among concerns (Atkinson, R. 2000). Diagnostic treatment for older individuals who are alcoholics and suffering from other substance abuse are complicated to other prevailing medical conditions such as impairment of their cognitive facilities, depressions, basic sensory deficits like hearing impairment or vision blurredness and even lack of mobility (Epstein, F. 2002). One good example is older patients who can no longer walk up stairs or drive a car after dark. There are situations that health care professionals would not suggest accommodation of older individual for treatment due to complex barriers of aging (Atkinson, R. 2000). In the case of minority elders, language barrier is another issue that needs attention, being first generation immigrants in a place, most of them cannot relate to universal language like English which most professional opted to use (Fries, F. 2001). An interpreter is needed to communicate with health care professionals that might be providing bias communication which adds more barriers for effective correction. The cultural competence of health care professional is crucial especially for Non-English speaking minorities like Europeans, Asians and Native Americans (Epstein, F. 2002). Another issue is the homebound and handicapped elderly that immediate family members find it difficult to transport them to medical intervention institutions. Home confinement restricted them with various health problems like chronic lung diseases, heart ailment, diabetes and other medical conditions without considering the possibility of alcoholism and other drugs abuse (Atkinson, R. 2000). The weak and frail condition of older individual needs considerable and taxing effort of immediate and able family members to health care institutions. Their isolated condition make the matter worse due to limited contacts with other people that the alcohol and other drugs abuse are neglected (Fries, F. 2001). The worsening condition of older individuals due to licit and illicit drugs and alcohol will greatly affect their immediate relatives and the younger generation may have misperception that being old is just normal to suffer from health discomfort. Knowing and discovering the hidden condition of the elderly in terms of misuse and abuse of alcohol and other substance will pave the way to correct past beliefs and thinking on their failing health (Atkinson, R. 2000). The older abusers of alcohol and other drugs share common adverse reactions with their younger counterpart and this inter-generation equity must be resolved and prevented the earliest possible time (Epstein, F. 2002). The growing population of elderly with health burden, alcoholism and drug abuse will be a burden to society and an enhanced alcohol and substance abuse policy for successful treatment is needed. The baby boomers are born between 1946 and 1964 and there is a great possibility of increasing their population by approximately twenty percent by 2030, this impending retirement will have a great impact to their unique relationship with alcohol and other substance abuse (Epstein, F. 2002). Conclusion The distinct characteristics of older individual’s relationship with alcohol and drug abuse needs through understanding of their misuse or abuse of these components which resulted to adverse and negative impact to their well-being (Fries, F. 2001). Today’s elderly population has an increase rate of emotional crisis brought by alcohol and drug abuse that needs practical and immediate recommendation to put individual’s understanding into practice for treatment (Epstein, F. 2002). Baby boomers are once productive and great contributor of the society and their aging must not be a reason to neglect the proper health care intervention needed to enjoy their last hails in life peacefully. Alcohol and substance abuse will greatly affect the baby boomers ability to spend the rest of their life from healthy and sound environment. This is serious problem among older individuals which will have a major consequence to their chronic disability from physical and mental capacity and lower standards of living. References Atkinson, R. (2000). Alcohol and Substance – use Disorders in the Elderly. Handbook of Mental Health and Aging, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, Inc. , San Diego California, pp. 514-554. Schulenberg, J. (2002). A New Elderly-Specific Screening Test – Geriatric Version on Alcoholism, American Clinical and Experimental Research Journal, pp. 769-774. Epstein, F. (2002). Substance Dependence Abuse and Treatment: Findings from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, DHHS Publication Series A-16, Office of Applied Studies, New York, pp. 87-97. Fries, F. (2001). Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics of Older Americans, Journal of Medicine, NY, pp. 130-135. How to cite Baby Boomers and their unique relationship with alcohol and Other drugs, Papers

Systematic and Unsystematic Risk Determinants †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Systematic and Unsystematic Risk Determinants. Answer: Introduction This is a study which will analyse the impact of the global economic crisis on the banks in United Arab Emirates. The study will aim to highlight the profitability of the banks after the global economic crisis. The four banks that are taken in to account belong to two categories, Islamic and conventional banks. The banks that will be analysed to identify the profitability are Dubai Islamic Bank, Sharjah Islamic Bank, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank and National Bank of Abu Dhabi. Dubai Islamic Bank was the bank who implemented the principles of Islam in the all the practices of the organization. It is one of the largest Islamic bank in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai Islamic Bank ,2017). The organization being a public joint stock company is listed in the Dubai Financial Market. The organization is involved in both international and local partnerships and has a network of 200 branches in Pakistan. The banking license of the organization was received from the Central Bank of Jordon to work as a financial institution of Islamic nature. Sharjah Islamic Bank is also bank which has implemented the Islamic principles in the banking system of their organization (Sharjah Islamic Bank, 2017). The headquarter of the bank is in Emirates and has been converted in to an Islamic bank in the year of 2004. On the contrary, the Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank has been established as a public shareholding listing organization and had limited liability. However, the government of Abu Dhabi holds 65% of the shares of the company (ADCB, 2017). The rest of the funds of the organization is held by individuals and financial institutions. The bank is a joint company which provides services in the field of commercial, retail, merchant, investment, fund management and brokerage. National Bank of Abu Dhabi is one of the largest lender bank in the United Arab Emirates and the market capitalization of the bank is one of the largest. The headquarters of the bank is in Abu Dhabi and is situated in the ma in financial district in Abu Dhabi. There is diversity in the portfolio of the bank and provides services such as corporate, retail, investment and wholesale banking facilities. The other services provided by the bank includes wealth management, brokerage, Islamic Banking, leasing and property management (NBAD UAE, 2017). The study will evaluate the ROE of the banks, ROA of the bank, Equity multiplier and asset utilization ratio. The comparative study will facilitate in understanding the profitability of each of the banks and the causes behind it. Statement of the problem The global economic crisis had profound impact on all the banks all around the world. However, the impact of the global economic crisis was different in Islamic banks and conventional banks. The principles these banks follow is different so the impact of the global economy will be different on both type of the banks. The study will analyse the profitability of each of the banks by analysing their return on investment, return on asset and equity multiplier ratio. These values will highlight the impact of the global economic crisis on each of the banks and how they have coped up with it. What is the impact of global economic crisis on the Islamic banks? What is the impact of global economic crisis on the conventional banks? What is the significance of the global economic crisis on the profitability of the Islamic banks? What is the significance of the global economic crisis on the profitability of the conventional banks? The study aims to identify the impact of the global economic crisis on the banks in United Arab Emirates. The study has chosen two conventional banks and two Islamic banks which will be analysed based on their return on investment, return on asset and the equity multiplier. The findings form the study will be able to validate the existing theories of literature and will provide a better understanding of the topic. H0 The global economic crisis has impacted the profitability of the banks in United Arab Emirates H1 The global economic crisis has not impacted the profitability of the banks United Arab Emirates The literature review is divide in to two parts one is the theoretical literature and the other is the empirical literature. The theoretical literature review will illustrate the various theories from different researchers and the empirical literature review will consist of the calculated data of all the banks that have been taken in to account. Islamic banks have similar roles when compared to the Conventional banks. The Islamic Banks are the main sponsors to production of information and therefore supports in addressing the problem of asymmetric information. They also facilitate in the reduction of the transaction costs and assists in diversification for investors and small savers. During conducting the organizational business, Islamic Banks mitigate risks which arise from the operational, liquidity and asymmetric information problem. The fundamental difference between Islamic and Conventional Banks is that Islamic banks operate in harmony with the guidelines of Shariah which is the Islamic legal code (Waemustafa Sukri, 2015). The intermediation of the conventional banks is mainly based on debt and allows the transfer of risk while the intermediation of Islamic banks have a contrasting character and is based on assets which focuses of sharing of risk. Risk transfer and Risk sharing Conventional Banks Risk Transfer Islamic Banks Risk Sharing The risk is transferred by the depositors to the banks so that they can ensure that their return is pre-specified. The Islamic bank share the return and the risk with the investors (profit sharing investment account (PSIA) holders) and there is no pre-specified return in this context and the return will depend on the performance of the bank. The interest rate is independent of the return and borrowers will have to pay it irrespective of the return. The risks are being transferred through credit default swaps and securitization. The financing of the organizations is based on debt. The risk is shared in Musharakah and Mudharabah contracts in Islamic banks. Moreover, the sales contracts are conducted in most of the contracts. The level of risk sharing is different in the Islamic banks and according to the standards step by the Islamic principles, the policies are similar to the conventional banking system. However, there is a basic difference in the Islamic banking system that it does not allow making investment in the instruments which are having adverse effect on the conventional competitors which was the cause of the global economic crisis. However, the economic crisis had impacted the both conventional banks and the Islamic banks but the impact will have to be assessed based on certain criteria (Bourkhis Nabi, 2013). The indicators which can be used to identify the impact are bank lending, profitability, bank rating and bank asset. Various studies suggest that the analysis of the profitability of the Islamic banks are much better condition than the conventional banks. Beck, Demirg-Kunt Merrouche, (2013) states the impact of the crisis on the Islamic banks are worse than in other countries. However, in some countries the losses faced by the Islamic banks are more than in United Arab Emirates. The risk-taking factor for the Islamic banks were more so it was expected that the losses incurred will be more but the scenario was opposite. The ratio of the non-performing assets was higher among the Islamic banks than the conventional banks in the country. The credit growth in the economy suggest that the credit growth was more for the Islamic banks than the conventional banks. Thus, the Islamic banks were able to provide stability to the market due to the growth in credit. The asset growth also shows a similar scenario where the asset of the Islamic banks was expected to grow more than the conventional banks. However, there was different situation in different countries and so there is no uniformity in the opinion among the various researchers (Waemustafa Sukri, 2016). Comparative analysis of performance between conventional bank and Islamic banks was completed amid the economic crisis for the State of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. This examination utilized six proportion investigations what's more, found that Islamic managing an account endured more amid the money related emergency worldwide as far as capital proportions, use and profit for normal value while regular banks endured more as far as return by and large resources and liquidity. The examination by Hesse Poghosyan, (2016), studied the impacts of the worldwide budgetary emergency in 2008 and 2009 against Islamic and ordinary saving money in a few nations including Kuwait, Bahrain, Malaysia, Qatar, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Turkey. Consequences of the investigation demonstrated that Islamic banks were influenced in an unexpected way than ordinary banks within the worldwide monetary emergency. The gainfulness factor had helped Islamic saving mone y by lessening the unfavourable impacts of the worldwide monetary emergency. Liquidity is a vital factor in guaranteeing stability in a banking organization. It assumes a critical part in liquidity hazard in existing monetary emergency. The investigation by (), who made examination amongst Islamic and regular keeping money amid the worldwide budgetary emergency in 2007-2008 in Malaysia took into account three markers; productivity, liquidity and credit chance of saving money organizations (Ajmi et al., 2014). The example was taken from 2006 to 2010 and was categorized into some time recently, amid also, after the monetary emergency. The discoveries uncovered that Islamic saving money was less presented to liquidity hazard when contrasted with regular saving money amid the money related emergency. A study was likewise directed in Turkey to survey the security of Islamic and regular saving money area in the worldwide money related emergency from 2006 to 2011. The study utilized yearly examination slant towards productivity, liquidity, hazard and proportion of a dvantage amount of traditional and Islamic saving money. The outcomes demonstrated that Islamic keeping money was more steady than ordinary banks as far as gainfulness, capital ampleness and liquidity for the period under audit, counting amid the 2008 worldwide money related emergency (Rosman, Wahab Zainol, 2014). As stated by (Kapan Minoiu, 2013), due to the recent global financial crisis the traditional banks got affected in a bad way all across the world. Even though the Islamic banks also got influenced by this global financial crisis, but their performance at the time of this crises was recorded better the traditional banks. On further research it was found that the Islamic banks had to suffer in the areas of capital ratio, leverage and return on equity irrespective of their good performance during 2006-2009 in comparison with the conventional banks. As per the Report of World Bank (Ashfaq, 2016), the comparison carried out between the performances of the traditional banks and the Islamic ones at the time of the financial crisis showed that even though both the forms of banks were influenced by the crisis, the Islamic banks came out superior in terms of credit risk and liquidity reserves. Therefore, it can be easily said the Islamic banks performed better than the convention ones in the financial crisis. A Dubai based mortgage provider, AMLAK, faced financial lie-down and their Kuwait institute defaulted, in turn failing to issue their SUKUK. However, Islamic finance continued in a relatively positive and sturdy manner, irrespective of the instability and the misery of the overriding financial crisis. Generally, the admission of the financial crisis in the Islamic capital market was not to happen because of a lot of reasons that included: the Shariah not allowing the sale of debt against debt, and it is not possible for someone to be selling the resources till the time the person is possessing the actual resources and it is prohibited by Islam that risky and speculative transactions are carried out. Additionally, in Islamic finance, lending is founded on capital backing and the generally mortgage loans are presented in exchange of solid assets. In comparison, in traditional baking the main agenda of present crises is simply due to huge amounts of loans being granted by them minus any kind of collaterals. Inside the Islamic regulatory control system, the investors are all conscious of both the risks and returns. As mentioned by Saif-Alyousfi, Saha Md-Rus, (2017), the result of the execution of profit and loss sharing transactions is complete disclosure and clarity. Due to that there is better comprehension experienced in market discipline, and because of that there is appearance of judicious control over needless lending, which in turn improved the Islamic financial system. The global financial crisis played a huge role in pushing the developed countries into developing a fresh financial system that would be having eth capability of tackling the crisis issue. The crisis made the developed nations lower their bank rates and that introduced a new financial system that is completely founded on the Islamic principles of interest free financial system. The capitalist system that failed after this financial crisis, was looking for a system that would be solving the speculation issues and financial crisis inside the Islamic financial system as an alternative (Mohamed, 2016). The capitalist system was extremely affected by the harshness shown by the financial crisis, but still managed identifying the failure of risk alleviations at different levels as the cause of the crisis. The capitalist economy was looking for a system that is completely risk free. Irrespective of different crisis and challenges, steady growth is seen in Islamic financial institutions. Countries such as Bahrain, UAE and Malaysia are the hubs for Islamic finance that are working towards the development of Islamic finances. The leading financial centers of the world like Hong Kong, New York and Singapore make use of Islamic finance simultaneously with traditional banking for the improvement in risk and liquidity management. SUKUK bonds are key instances of Islamic finance growth (Gopalakrishnan Mohapatra, 2017). As per Kapan Minoiu, (2013), analyzing the competitive situation and traditional Islamic financial system found that the Islamic banks are found to be less competitive in comparison with the traditional banking system. Due to high capitalization, the Islamic banks face less financial risk. They kept on showing more durability and flexibility in the face of the global financial crisis of 2007. Even the western banks profited from the Islamic banks in the aftermath of the global crisis in the battle of tackling the crisis for the restoration of their financial stability. Findings have suggested the Islamic banks being more capable of controlling risk in comparison to traditional banks, with the help of better capital ratio, principles free of Gharar and interest. Their finance is based on moral and ethical principles, even proper checking and balance, working in the interest of everyone. Dubai Islamic Bank Equity Multiplier (EM)= Total Assets/ Total Equity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 National Bank of Abu Dhabi Return on Equity (ROE)= Net Income/ Total Equity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 164.26 146.26 -5.74 1.97 14.53 10.77 13.89 15.27 17.39 13.58 13.26 Return on Assets (ROA)= Net Income/ Total Assets 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 Equity Multiplier (EM)= Total Assets/ Total Equity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 7 7 7 8 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 24,177 26,408 28,728 30,351 31,801 24,270 24,177 26,408 28,728 30,351 31,801 Sharjah Islamic Bank Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Return on Equity (ROE)= Net Income/ Total Equity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 18.26 22.33 23.19 22.14 19.4 15.56 9.91 8.44 -8.8 2.79 2.79 Return on Assets (ROA)= Net Income/ Total Assets 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1.19 1.4 1.43 1.33 1.17 1.02 0.68 0.56 -0.55 0.16 0.16 Results and analysis The result of the study suggests that the existing theories have been validated which shows that the return on equity and the return on asset for the Islamic banks are unchanged which means that the global economic crisis was unable to pout significant impact on the performance of the Islamic banks. However, this is not the case for the commercial banks which suggest that there is fluctuation in the return on investment and the return on asset which shows that the commercial banks have been significantly impacted by global economic crisis. Moreover, the equity multiplier for the commercial banks are high which suggest that the banks are relying more on debts for financing purposes which increases the chances of failure risk for them. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the analysis of the study that the impact of the global economic crisis of the conventional banks have been huge and their return on investment have been hampered significantly. However, the data suggest that there has been negligible impact of the global economic crisis on the Islamic banks. Moreover, they have been able to provide stability to the macro economic environment of the country. Thus, from the data it is suggested that the conventional banks should rely less on debt for financing purposes. 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