Symptoms And Injuries Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

â€Å" Emotionless, that’s how I feel. Devoid of everything held dear. Changes neither perception nor direction, no matter how far or near. I go back to the things I know in the vain hope that it will lift me, breath life into me, give me a rush, help me and fill me. Nevertheless, what is left? I am emotionless that is how I feel.† A percentage of military personnel return from the aftermath of war, diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD† or major depression. The Counseling Services Act for Veterans and their Families in 1975 established for management of psychological symptoms and injury that may take years or decades to manifest. PTSD accounts for some 40% of Vietnam veterans, 78% of those diagnosed would never reach full symptom remission. There were questions on whether cases of delayed-onset PTSD malingered, the observance also manifest because of severe injury unrelated to combat (Hassija, Garvert Cloitre, 2015). Many veterans stru ggle processing their traumatic war experiences leaving them emotionless or feeling guilty in some way. Replaying episodes experienced in war-zone (friends, family, and military comrades). The distress causes self-blame and prevents individuals from seeking self-care. These things are not just struggles with military personnel but also civilians, who are afraid of taking first steps towards self-care, through Veteran Center or behavioral health facilities (Hassija, Garvert Cloitre, 2015). Social workers also struggleShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1494 Words   |  6 PagesCauses and Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) Post-Traumatic stress disorder has affected humans probably as long as we have had a higher consciousness, but it is only recently that researchers, medical professionals and psychotherapists have had much understanding into its nature and treatment. Although this disorder may be easy to describe, the effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder negatively affect a person’s mental health, physical health, work andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )861 Words   |  4 Pagesis very common and can very well lead to post traumatic stress disorder or PTSD for short. It is one of the most common mental health conditions in the United States because of the amount of people exposed to trauma. A traumatic event such as being in a war can cause post-traumatic stress disorder. War veterans have seen all sorts of horrors, such as friends and co-soldiers being slaughtered, guns, bombs, loud noises, and violence; as well as any injuries the veteran may have gone through. One exam pleRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1519 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder It is common for individuals who have gone through a traumatic experience to feel many types of emotions, to include distress, fear, helplessness, guilt, shame or anger. The individual may begin to feel better after just a few days or weeks, but sometimes these feelings don’t go away. If the symptoms last for more than a month, they may be experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD and should seek professional help. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, once knownRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder On A Family1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on a Family The symptoms of Post-traumatic stress can vary from patient from patient. Most common symptoms are flashbacks, hyper arousal and avoidance. The first article is â€Å"Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer and Their Families: A Randomized Clinical Trial.† In this article the researchers put together a random wait list control trial. They would have an intervention with the family of a cancer survivorRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes Symptoms and Effects Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesor suffered from a Traumatic Brain Injury during Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom. What this number does not include are the 39,365 cases of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (more commonly known as PTSD). (Department 2009) Although we usually think of war injuries as being physical, one of the most common war injuries is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and the effects can be devastating to a redeploying soldier w ho has come in contact with severely traumatic experiences. PTSDRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost-traumatic Stress Disorder: Symptoms and Treatment1612 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Statement of Thesis Post-traumatic stress disorder is a serious condition and one that is challenging in terms of identifying the disorder and effectively coping with this disorder. Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that the individual develops following a terrifying ordeal that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm. The person who develops PTSD may have been the one who was harmed, the harm may have happened toRead MorePost-traumatic stress disorder is defined as an anxiety disorder that follows a traumatic event1000 Words   |  4 PagesPost-traumatic stress disorder is defined as an anxiety disorder that follows a traumatic event where the following two things were present: first, â€Å"the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others (ESTSS, 2014); second, â€Å"the persons response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror (ESTSS, 2014).† The diagnosis of PTSD was entered into the DSM inRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1095 Words   |  5 PagesPTSD in Catcher in the Rye Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is most commonly thought of as an illness men and women acquire from experiences while serving in the wars. Some do not even know what it is or how much it affects people s lives. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger helps to convey what Post Traumatic Stress Disorder really is. PTSD is a curable condition triggered by a traumatic event with many types, causes, and symptoms displayed by Holden Caulfield. All of the peopleRead MoreToday’s Soldier: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesWe usually think of war injuries as being physical, although one of the most common war injuries is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and the effects can be devastating. PTSD is an emotional illness classified as an anxiety disorder and usually develops because of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe event, often experienced in combat. Although this condition has likely existed since humans have endured trauma, PTSD has only been recognized as a formal diagnosis

Is Katniss A Hero - 778 Words

Natalia Mongo September 13, 2015 ENC1102 Is Katniss a Hero? The Hunger Games takes place in the future where the nation is divided into 12 districts. Every year two young individuals are chosen from each distract to fight in the hunger games which was made up because many years ago the districts had a rebellion against the capital and lost so they set up the hunger games to show that they have control. The tributes are chosen by a raffle, one boy and one girl. This year Peeta, a baker’s son and 16 years old Katniss Everdeen’s younger sister, Prim, are both chosen. The games are set up so everyone in each district can watch all the tributes fight to their deaths. For the first time ever seen, Katniss volunteers to take Prim’s place in the games. Many wonder, what would have occurred in the games if Katniss did not volunteer for her sister. The creator of this movie, Suzanne Collins, stated I was flipping through images of reality television, there were these young people competing for a million dollars ... and I saw images of the Iraq War, two things began to sort of fuse together in a very unsettling way, and there is really the moment when I got the idea for Katniss story. (Forer, 2012).Collins began seeing images of the Iraq war was because her father served in the war when she was little and she wants young people to think about the cruelty of war. To put together what she saw on television and the idea of young people realizing the brutality of war she came upShow MoreRelatedEssay On Katniss A Hero In The Hunger Games715 Words   |  3 Pages In the novel â€Å"The Hunger Games† Suzanne Collins conveys the qualities of a hero through the main character Katniss Everdeen. The novel is based around a dystopian nation, in which is placed in Panem. Through which a boy and a girl from each district must take part in ‘The Hunger Games’ where they have to fight to the death, until there is one survivor. Katniss subsequently evolves as a significant hero portraying the heroic qualities such as selflessness, identity change and intelligence. SelflessnessRead MoreThe Modern Mythology Hero Katniss Evergreen Essay569 Words   |  3 PagesKatniss Everdeen is one of the best heroes in modern mythology. â€Å"Katniss Everdeen. She is the hero we need.† (Kim, Daniel J). Katniss isn’t like other heroes in modern mythology. Heroes today are characterized by their aggression and dominance but not Katniss. Katniss is strong when she has to be, but deep inside she is truly scared. Joseph Cambell’s 17 stages monomyth is able to map out a hero’s journey and express the steps taken to become a hero. Katniss is a highly qualified hero and accomplishesRead MoreIN WHAT WAYS DOES KATNISS EVERDEEN CHALLENGE OR CONFIRM OUR UNDERSTANDING OF A TYPICAL HERO IN THE HUNGER GAMES?1104 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion of whether Katniss Everdeen, of The Hunger Games, confirms or challenges the idea of an archetypal hero is one debated worldwide. Throughout the novel, written by Suzanne Collins, Katniss demonstrates qualities and undertakes actions which are, without a doubt, heroic. However, whether or not this makes her a hero is dependent upon who you are asking; many characters in the novel would have very different ideas as to what a hero is. Also, although Katniss may come off as a hero many times inRead MoreThe Hunger Games : A Hero s Journey847 Words   |  4 PagesA Hero s Journey In the history of cinema, most movies involving a hero s journey involve mostly the same plot; man gets a call, goes on a journey, gets in a battle or two, and saves the helpless woman from some evil source. The Hunger Games has the same plot as other hero films, but takes a complete turn on the actor encompassing the hero. The hero in this film is a Katniss Everdeen, a poor girl from a dystopian society. In this film Katniss volunteers for her sister to be in the Hunger GamesRead MorePeeta: Not Your Average Bakers Boy811 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to Joseph Campbell, â€Å"A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself.† Everyone imagines heroes differently. Heroes do not always have to have supernatural abilities. They can simply be regular people who make a difference in someone’s life. Peeta, from the Hunger Games Trilogy, is a hero in his own way. Peeta is just a regular young man until he is forced to go into the arena and f ight to the death on live television. Peeta does not know the effect heRead MoreThe Movie The Hunger Games 889 Words   |  4 Pagesheroes are always the male character and there were never any females that were a hero/heroine. Joseph Campbell talked a little bit about the heroine, who is a female hero, and most people do not believe that women can be heroes. The first thing that caught my attention in The Hunger Games movie series was the main character and hero, Katniss Everdeen. She was a great example of a hero. She embodies the definition of a hero by the sense of the word; she was not only a great fighter in front of a strongRead MoreHe Heroic Journey : Katniss Everdeen848 Words   |  4 Pageshe Heroic Journey of Katniss Everdeen In the history of cinema, most movies involving a hero s journey have mostly the same plot. A man gets a call, goes on a journey, gets in a battle or two, and saves a helpless woman from some evil source. The Hunger Games has the exact plot but takes a complete turn regarding the hero in the film. The hero in this film is a Katniss Everdeen, a poor girl from a dystopian society. In this film Katniss volunteers for her sister to be in the Hunger Games, whichRead MoreThe Movie The Hunger Games 894 Words   |  4 Pagesheroes are always the male character and there were never any females that were a hero/heroine. Joseph Campbell talked a little bit about the heroine, who is a female hero, and most people do not believe that women can be heroes. The first thing that caught my attention in The Hunger Games movie series was the main character and hero, Katniss Everdeen. She was a great example of a hero. She embodies the definition of a hero by the sense of the word; she was not only a g reat fighter in front of a strongRead MoreTheme Of Heroism In The Hunger Games808 Words   |  4 Pagesqualities of the characters Katniss, Thresh, and Peeta. These protagonist characters demonstrate the qualities, heroism, love, strong willed, bravery, respect, affection, and, determination. The definition of a hero is someone a person looks up to for their courage and bravery In part two of The Hunger Games Katniss signifies her heroic qualities of love, affection, and bravery as she decorates a 12 yr old girl tribute Rue from district 11 in flowers after she dies. Katniss then presses her three middleRead MoreKatniss Everdeen: The Greatest Heroine of Our Generation708 Words   |  3 Pagesdefine a â€Å"hero† as â€Å"a man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his brave deeds and noble quality but thats mean that women can’t be heroes too. Katniss Everdeen at â€Å"The Hunger Games† exhibits all the characteristics of a real â€Å"hero†. Her appearance fools foes as a weak and easy target to kill. Katniss’ has many abilities but her mind is her greatest power. She exemplifies that women can be heroes and one don’t need to be perfect to be a hero. Katniss Everdeen is our greatest hero of our

Baby Boomers and their unique relationship with alcohol and Other drugs Free Essays

In reality, older adults take a greater toll than younger adults for substance abuse and alcoholism, their increasing number is alarming as they approach the next century. It was predicted by the United States Bureau of Census that the growth of baby boomers also known as adult population will more than double by the year 2050 (Atkinson, R. 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Baby Boomers and their unique relationship with alcohol and Other drugs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Baby boomers unique relationship with alcohol and drug abuse paved the way for psychosocial concerns and may accelerate decline on their physiological welfare. These individuals are at risk for serious illnesses, injuries and socioeconomic downfall. A typical baby boomer will disapprove the possibility of treatment and corrections (Fries, F. 2001). Many individuals in this age group are reluctant and ashamed of admitting their use and misuse of drugs and alcohol and seek professional help (Atkinson, R. 2000). They consider the situation as a private matter and need not have intervention from other people. Even relatives of this adult population whom are into substance abuse and alcoholism are ashamed of the current situation and would rather keep themselves in silence and not address the current situation. Most of the relatives thought that the older individuals who are into alcohol and drugs are happy and there was no difference if they intended to continue their habitual vices for they will not stay much longer in this world (Schulenberg, J. 2002). There is unspoken assumption that it was not worth to correct and treat the older individuals for alcohol and drug abuse makes the matter worst and increase their numbers in the society. Discussion The aging of Baby Boomers who were into an early alcohol and substance abuse would be an alarming sign of greater problems in the future. The physical and psychological effects of alcohol and drug abuse to older individuals may influence their children and carry the habit when they reach old age too (Schulenberg, J. 2002). The potential increase in alcohol and drugs morbidity will affect the future health services. Though there seem to be no urgency to correct the unique relationship of Baby Boomers to alcohol and other drugs with impressions that treatment of older population will not be a success and only a waste of health care resources. These callous attitudes of many individuals will only create problems that will affect the future generation (Atkinson, R. 2000). The impressions of depression for other adults who can do self-medication and can live alone will only lower their living satisfaction and further enhanced by past experiences of loosing their spouse, unemployment, injuries and depression (Fries, F. 2001). They are also facing chronic and lingering illnesses such as diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, senility and other forms of ailments that made them dependent to other individuals while performing their daily activities. The prevailing cultural beliefs of individuals in the age bracket of sixty and older will encounter abuse or misuse of alcohol and other drugs, good examples are buying over-the-counter drugs cough suppressants with high alcohol content that could interact negatively with other medicines they are taking (Fries, F. 2001). The unique relationship of older adults to alcohol and other drugs cannot be easily identified due to their similarities with other symptoms of illnesses common to aged. They may keep on reminding the health care professional the similarities of their prevailing condition from their parents and grandparents (Epstein, F. 2002). The recognition of alcohol and other substances abused are not typical for the younger population because they are now living independently, no longer employed, with lesser socialization and may no longer be driving, hence reducing the potential to trace their alcohol and other drugs in their system. There are circumstances that older individuals are into prescription drugs like sedatives, hypnotics and depressants with problematic effect brought by age-related metabolism and negative chemical and alcohol interactions with other prescribed medications (Schulenberg, J. 2002). The adverse effects of drugs and alcohol to older individual are cognitive impairment, physiological impairment, delirium and greater risk of falling that needs medical intervention and institutionalization. The age-related changes varies according to their body systems, the parameter of their alcohol and drugs intake can be medically hazardous despite of lower frequency of intake (Atkinson, R. 2000). The older individual unique responses with alcohol and other drugs will undoubtedly increase false diagnostic procedures and may diminish their quality of living. The complexity of Baby Boomers condition makes the diagnosis and treatment difficult and will serve as barriers for effective recovery from the disorders (Fries, F. 2001). Being old was coined during the mid-1960s to describe the Baby Boomers tendency to react negatively to corrections instead of looking for specific causes of their medical, social, biological, psychological and physical conditions (Epstein, F. 2002). It was further deteriorated by other people’s assumption that older person comprised powerlessness, uselessness and death. This stereotype internalization may categorize the older person as senile though in reality was afflicted with treatable ailments cause by alcohol and other drugs abuse. Caregivers may have good intention but the confusion and unchallenging condition of older individual age-related illnesses while conducting routine medical monitoring would deem not worthy of treating for they would die soon anyway. Other factor that contributes to worsening condition of older individual is the stigma associated to gender, religion and culture. The older individual’s perception of alcohol and drugs during 1950s was influenced by advertisement from moral failing to prosperity and achievement. They are also very sensitive to issues concerning psychiatric disorders and reluctant to acknowledge symptoms of alcohol and other drug abuse (Fries, F. 2001). Many of older individual will simply relate their problems to old age and would think that alcoholism and drug related dependency is a youth problem. They keep on masking their serious drinking of alcohol as a pleasure and a kind of social drinking for they already accomplished their family responsibilities and does not have any work to do (Epstein, F. 2002). The multiple symptoms for older individual made it difficult of health care providers to suspect that they are into alcoholism and drug abused, typical symptoms includes irritability, insomnia, chronic pain, common medical disorder or combination of any of these conditions. Stereotyping is another barrier to detect the symptoms of alcohol and other drugs abuse for older individual especially for women who came from higher socioeconomic background. The individual patient’s age is correlated on the length of physician’s time spent; the older the patient, the lesser the time spent by the physician (Atkinson, R. 2000). This is due to older individual’s lesser complaint and it is not easier to detect his underlying problem on alcohol and other drug abuse. The unique relationship of older individual with alcohol and other drug abuse increasingly compete with his other health problems (Atkinson, R. 2000). The immediate family members of confined elderly will give higher priority to physical conditions concerning heart, renal failure or other organ failure, psychological impressions while alcoholism and drug abuse is usually at the least among concerns (Atkinson, R. 2000). Diagnostic treatment for older individuals who are alcoholics and suffering from other substance abuse are complicated to other prevailing medical conditions such as impairment of their cognitive facilities, depressions, basic sensory deficits like hearing impairment or vision blurredness and even lack of mobility (Epstein, F. 2002). One good example is older patients who can no longer walk up stairs or drive a car after dark. There are situations that health care professionals would not suggest accommodation of older individual for treatment due to complex barriers of aging (Atkinson, R. 2000). In the case of minority elders, language barrier is another issue that needs attention, being first generation immigrants in a place, most of them cannot relate to universal language like English which most professional opted to use (Fries, F. 2001). An interpreter is needed to communicate with health care professionals that might be providing bias communication which adds more barriers for effective correction. The cultural competence of health care professional is crucial especially for Non-English speaking minorities like Europeans, Asians and Native Americans (Epstein, F. 2002). Another issue is the homebound and handicapped elderly that immediate family members find it difficult to transport them to medical intervention institutions. Home confinement restricted them with various health problems like chronic lung diseases, heart ailment, diabetes and other medical conditions without considering the possibility of alcoholism and other drugs abuse (Atkinson, R. 2000). The weak and frail condition of older individual needs considerable and taxing effort of immediate and able family members to health care institutions. Their isolated condition make the matter worse due to limited contacts with other people that the alcohol and other drugs abuse are neglected (Fries, F. 2001). The worsening condition of older individuals due to licit and illicit drugs and alcohol will greatly affect their immediate relatives and the younger generation may have misperception that being old is just normal to suffer from health discomfort. Knowing and discovering the hidden condition of the elderly in terms of misuse and abuse of alcohol and other substance will pave the way to correct past beliefs and thinking on their failing health (Atkinson, R. 2000). The older abusers of alcohol and other drugs share common adverse reactions with their younger counterpart and this inter-generation equity must be resolved and prevented the earliest possible time (Epstein, F. 2002). The growing population of elderly with health burden, alcoholism and drug abuse will be a burden to society and an enhanced alcohol and substance abuse policy for successful treatment is needed. The baby boomers are born between 1946 and 1964 and there is a great possibility of increasing their population by approximately twenty percent by 2030, this impending retirement will have a great impact to their unique relationship with alcohol and other substance abuse (Epstein, F. 2002). Conclusion The distinct characteristics of older individual’s relationship with alcohol and drug abuse needs through understanding of their misuse or abuse of these components which resulted to adverse and negative impact to their well-being (Fries, F. 2001). Today’s elderly population has an increase rate of emotional crisis brought by alcohol and drug abuse that needs practical and immediate recommendation to put individual’s understanding into practice for treatment (Epstein, F. 2002). Baby boomers are once productive and great contributor of the society and their aging must not be a reason to neglect the proper health care intervention needed to enjoy their last hails in life peacefully. Alcohol and substance abuse will greatly affect the baby boomers ability to spend the rest of their life from healthy and sound environment. This is serious problem among older individuals which will have a major consequence to their chronic disability from physical and mental capacity and lower standards of living. References Atkinson, R. (2000). Alcohol and Substance – use Disorders in the Elderly. Handbook of Mental Health and Aging, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, Inc. , San Diego California, pp. 514-554. Schulenberg, J. (2002). A New Elderly-Specific Screening Test – Geriatric Version on Alcoholism, American Clinical and Experimental Research Journal, pp. 769-774. Epstein, F. (2002). Substance Dependence Abuse and Treatment: Findings from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, DHHS Publication Series A-16, Office of Applied Studies, New York, pp. 87-97. Fries, F. (2001). Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics of Older Americans, Journal of Medicine, NY, pp. 130-135. How to cite Baby Boomers and their unique relationship with alcohol and Other drugs, Papers

Systematic and Unsystematic Risk Determinants †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Systematic and Unsystematic Risk Determinants. Answer: Introduction This is a study which will analyse the impact of the global economic crisis on the banks in United Arab Emirates. The study will aim to highlight the profitability of the banks after the global economic crisis. The four banks that are taken in to account belong to two categories, Islamic and conventional banks. The banks that will be analysed to identify the profitability are Dubai Islamic Bank, Sharjah Islamic Bank, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank and National Bank of Abu Dhabi. Dubai Islamic Bank was the bank who implemented the principles of Islam in the all the practices of the organization. It is one of the largest Islamic bank in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai Islamic Bank ,2017). The organization being a public joint stock company is listed in the Dubai Financial Market. The organization is involved in both international and local partnerships and has a network of 200 branches in Pakistan. The banking license of the organization was received from the Central Bank of Jordon to work as a financial institution of Islamic nature. Sharjah Islamic Bank is also bank which has implemented the Islamic principles in the banking system of their organization (Sharjah Islamic Bank, 2017). The headquarter of the bank is in Emirates and has been converted in to an Islamic bank in the year of 2004. On the contrary, the Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank has been established as a public shareholding listing organization and had limited liability. However, the government of Abu Dhabi holds 65% of the shares of the company (ADCB, 2017). The rest of the funds of the organization is held by individuals and financial institutions. The bank is a joint company which provides services in the field of commercial, retail, merchant, investment, fund management and brokerage. National Bank of Abu Dhabi is one of the largest lender bank in the United Arab Emirates and the market capitalization of the bank is one of the largest. The headquarters of the bank is in Abu Dhabi and is situated in the ma in financial district in Abu Dhabi. There is diversity in the portfolio of the bank and provides services such as corporate, retail, investment and wholesale banking facilities. The other services provided by the bank includes wealth management, brokerage, Islamic Banking, leasing and property management (NBAD UAE, 2017). The study will evaluate the ROE of the banks, ROA of the bank, Equity multiplier and asset utilization ratio. The comparative study will facilitate in understanding the profitability of each of the banks and the causes behind it. Statement of the problem The global economic crisis had profound impact on all the banks all around the world. However, the impact of the global economic crisis was different in Islamic banks and conventional banks. The principles these banks follow is different so the impact of the global economy will be different on both type of the banks. The study will analyse the profitability of each of the banks by analysing their return on investment, return on asset and equity multiplier ratio. These values will highlight the impact of the global economic crisis on each of the banks and how they have coped up with it. What is the impact of global economic crisis on the Islamic banks? What is the impact of global economic crisis on the conventional banks? What is the significance of the global economic crisis on the profitability of the Islamic banks? What is the significance of the global economic crisis on the profitability of the conventional banks? The study aims to identify the impact of the global economic crisis on the banks in United Arab Emirates. The study has chosen two conventional banks and two Islamic banks which will be analysed based on their return on investment, return on asset and the equity multiplier. The findings form the study will be able to validate the existing theories of literature and will provide a better understanding of the topic. H0 The global economic crisis has impacted the profitability of the banks in United Arab Emirates H1 The global economic crisis has not impacted the profitability of the banks United Arab Emirates The literature review is divide in to two parts one is the theoretical literature and the other is the empirical literature. The theoretical literature review will illustrate the various theories from different researchers and the empirical literature review will consist of the calculated data of all the banks that have been taken in to account. Islamic banks have similar roles when compared to the Conventional banks. The Islamic Banks are the main sponsors to production of information and therefore supports in addressing the problem of asymmetric information. They also facilitate in the reduction of the transaction costs and assists in diversification for investors and small savers. During conducting the organizational business, Islamic Banks mitigate risks which arise from the operational, liquidity and asymmetric information problem. The fundamental difference between Islamic and Conventional Banks is that Islamic banks operate in harmony with the guidelines of Shariah which is the Islamic legal code (Waemustafa Sukri, 2015). The intermediation of the conventional banks is mainly based on debt and allows the transfer of risk while the intermediation of Islamic banks have a contrasting character and is based on assets which focuses of sharing of risk. Risk transfer and Risk sharing Conventional Banks Risk Transfer Islamic Banks Risk Sharing The risk is transferred by the depositors to the banks so that they can ensure that their return is pre-specified. The Islamic bank share the return and the risk with the investors (profit sharing investment account (PSIA) holders) and there is no pre-specified return in this context and the return will depend on the performance of the bank. The interest rate is independent of the return and borrowers will have to pay it irrespective of the return. The risks are being transferred through credit default swaps and securitization. The financing of the organizations is based on debt. The risk is shared in Musharakah and Mudharabah contracts in Islamic banks. Moreover, the sales contracts are conducted in most of the contracts. The level of risk sharing is different in the Islamic banks and according to the standards step by the Islamic principles, the policies are similar to the conventional banking system. However, there is a basic difference in the Islamic banking system that it does not allow making investment in the instruments which are having adverse effect on the conventional competitors which was the cause of the global economic crisis. However, the economic crisis had impacted the both conventional banks and the Islamic banks but the impact will have to be assessed based on certain criteria (Bourkhis Nabi, 2013). The indicators which can be used to identify the impact are bank lending, profitability, bank rating and bank asset. Various studies suggest that the analysis of the profitability of the Islamic banks are much better condition than the conventional banks. Beck, Demirg-Kunt Merrouche, (2013) states the impact of the crisis on the Islamic banks are worse than in other countries. However, in some countries the losses faced by the Islamic banks are more than in United Arab Emirates. The risk-taking factor for the Islamic banks were more so it was expected that the losses incurred will be more but the scenario was opposite. The ratio of the non-performing assets was higher among the Islamic banks than the conventional banks in the country. The credit growth in the economy suggest that the credit growth was more for the Islamic banks than the conventional banks. Thus, the Islamic banks were able to provide stability to the market due to the growth in credit. The asset growth also shows a similar scenario where the asset of the Islamic banks was expected to grow more than the conventional banks. However, there was different situation in different countries and so there is no uniformity in the opinion among the various researchers (Waemustafa Sukri, 2016). Comparative analysis of performance between conventional bank and Islamic banks was completed amid the economic crisis for the State of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. This examination utilized six proportion investigations what's more, found that Islamic managing an account endured more amid the money related emergency worldwide as far as capital proportions, use and profit for normal value while regular banks endured more as far as return by and large resources and liquidity. The examination by Hesse Poghosyan, (2016), studied the impacts of the worldwide budgetary emergency in 2008 and 2009 against Islamic and ordinary saving money in a few nations including Kuwait, Bahrain, Malaysia, Qatar, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Turkey. Consequences of the investigation demonstrated that Islamic banks were influenced in an unexpected way than ordinary banks within the worldwide monetary emergency. The gainfulness factor had helped Islamic saving mone y by lessening the unfavourable impacts of the worldwide monetary emergency. Liquidity is a vital factor in guaranteeing stability in a banking organization. It assumes a critical part in liquidity hazard in existing monetary emergency. The investigation by (), who made examination amongst Islamic and regular keeping money amid the worldwide budgetary emergency in 2007-2008 in Malaysia took into account three markers; productivity, liquidity and credit chance of saving money organizations (Ajmi et al., 2014). The example was taken from 2006 to 2010 and was categorized into some time recently, amid also, after the monetary emergency. The discoveries uncovered that Islamic saving money was less presented to liquidity hazard when contrasted with regular saving money amid the money related emergency. A study was likewise directed in Turkey to survey the security of Islamic and regular saving money area in the worldwide money related emergency from 2006 to 2011. The study utilized yearly examination slant towards productivity, liquidity, hazard and proportion of a dvantage amount of traditional and Islamic saving money. The outcomes demonstrated that Islamic keeping money was more steady than ordinary banks as far as gainfulness, capital ampleness and liquidity for the period under audit, counting amid the 2008 worldwide money related emergency (Rosman, Wahab Zainol, 2014). As stated by (Kapan Minoiu, 2013), due to the recent global financial crisis the traditional banks got affected in a bad way all across the world. Even though the Islamic banks also got influenced by this global financial crisis, but their performance at the time of this crises was recorded better the traditional banks. On further research it was found that the Islamic banks had to suffer in the areas of capital ratio, leverage and return on equity irrespective of their good performance during 2006-2009 in comparison with the conventional banks. As per the Report of World Bank (Ashfaq, 2016), the comparison carried out between the performances of the traditional banks and the Islamic ones at the time of the financial crisis showed that even though both the forms of banks were influenced by the crisis, the Islamic banks came out superior in terms of credit risk and liquidity reserves. Therefore, it can be easily said the Islamic banks performed better than the convention ones in the financial crisis. A Dubai based mortgage provider, AMLAK, faced financial lie-down and their Kuwait institute defaulted, in turn failing to issue their SUKUK. However, Islamic finance continued in a relatively positive and sturdy manner, irrespective of the instability and the misery of the overriding financial crisis. Generally, the admission of the financial crisis in the Islamic capital market was not to happen because of a lot of reasons that included: the Shariah not allowing the sale of debt against debt, and it is not possible for someone to be selling the resources till the time the person is possessing the actual resources and it is prohibited by Islam that risky and speculative transactions are carried out. Additionally, in Islamic finance, lending is founded on capital backing and the generally mortgage loans are presented in exchange of solid assets. In comparison, in traditional baking the main agenda of present crises is simply due to huge amounts of loans being granted by them minus any kind of collaterals. Inside the Islamic regulatory control system, the investors are all conscious of both the risks and returns. As mentioned by Saif-Alyousfi, Saha Md-Rus, (2017), the result of the execution of profit and loss sharing transactions is complete disclosure and clarity. Due to that there is better comprehension experienced in market discipline, and because of that there is appearance of judicious control over needless lending, which in turn improved the Islamic financial system. The global financial crisis played a huge role in pushing the developed countries into developing a fresh financial system that would be having eth capability of tackling the crisis issue. The crisis made the developed nations lower their bank rates and that introduced a new financial system that is completely founded on the Islamic principles of interest free financial system. The capitalist system that failed after this financial crisis, was looking for a system that would be solving the speculation issues and financial crisis inside the Islamic financial system as an alternative (Mohamed, 2016). The capitalist system was extremely affected by the harshness shown by the financial crisis, but still managed identifying the failure of risk alleviations at different levels as the cause of the crisis. The capitalist economy was looking for a system that is completely risk free. Irrespective of different crisis and challenges, steady growth is seen in Islamic financial institutions. Countries such as Bahrain, UAE and Malaysia are the hubs for Islamic finance that are working towards the development of Islamic finances. The leading financial centers of the world like Hong Kong, New York and Singapore make use of Islamic finance simultaneously with traditional banking for the improvement in risk and liquidity management. SUKUK bonds are key instances of Islamic finance growth (Gopalakrishnan Mohapatra, 2017). As per Kapan Minoiu, (2013), analyzing the competitive situation and traditional Islamic financial system found that the Islamic banks are found to be less competitive in comparison with the traditional banking system. Due to high capitalization, the Islamic banks face less financial risk. They kept on showing more durability and flexibility in the face of the global financial crisis of 2007. Even the western banks profited from the Islamic banks in the aftermath of the global crisis in the battle of tackling the crisis for the restoration of their financial stability. Findings have suggested the Islamic banks being more capable of controlling risk in comparison to traditional banks, with the help of better capital ratio, principles free of Gharar and interest. Their finance is based on moral and ethical principles, even proper checking and balance, working in the interest of everyone. Dubai Islamic Bank Equity Multiplier (EM)= Total Assets/ Total Equity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 National Bank of Abu Dhabi Return on Equity (ROE)= Net Income/ Total Equity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 164.26 146.26 -5.74 1.97 14.53 10.77 13.89 15.27 17.39 13.58 13.26 Return on Assets (ROA)= Net Income/ Total Assets 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 Equity Multiplier (EM)= Total Assets/ Total Equity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 7 7 7 8 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 24,177 26,408 28,728 30,351 31,801 24,270 24,177 26,408 28,728 30,351 31,801 Sharjah Islamic Bank Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Return on Equity (ROE)= Net Income/ Total Equity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 18.26 22.33 23.19 22.14 19.4 15.56 9.91 8.44 -8.8 2.79 2.79 Return on Assets (ROA)= Net Income/ Total Assets 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1.19 1.4 1.43 1.33 1.17 1.02 0.68 0.56 -0.55 0.16 0.16 Results and analysis The result of the study suggests that the existing theories have been validated which shows that the return on equity and the return on asset for the Islamic banks are unchanged which means that the global economic crisis was unable to pout significant impact on the performance of the Islamic banks. However, this is not the case for the commercial banks which suggest that there is fluctuation in the return on investment and the return on asset which shows that the commercial banks have been significantly impacted by global economic crisis. Moreover, the equity multiplier for the commercial banks are high which suggest that the banks are relying more on debts for financing purposes which increases the chances of failure risk for them. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the analysis of the study that the impact of the global economic crisis of the conventional banks have been huge and their return on investment have been hampered significantly. However, the data suggest that there has been negligible impact of the global economic crisis on the Islamic banks. Moreover, they have been able to provide stability to the macro economic environment of the country. Thus, from the data it is suggested that the conventional banks should rely less on debt for financing purposes. Moreover, the result suggest that the Islamic banks are more profitable than the conventional banks. The return on investment of the Islamic banks are stable and while there is lot of fluctuation in the ratios in both the commercial banks. However, the bank that has been mostly impacted is the National Bank of Abu Dhabi whose performance has decreased significantly over the years. Moreover, the equity multiplier for the organization is too high which sugg est that there the organization highly dependent on debt for financing. References Ajmi, A. N., Hammoudeh, S., Nguyen, D. K., Sarafrazi, S. (2014). How strong are the causal relationships between Islamic stock markets and conventional financial systems? Evidence from linear and nonlinear tests.Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money,28, 213-227. Ashfaq, M. (2016). IMPACT OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISES ON GLOBAL FINANCIAL STABILITY AND NEED FOR AN ALTERNATIVE FINANCIAL SYSTEM.Business Excellence,10(2), 109. Beck, T., Demirg-Kunt, A., Merrouche, O. (2013). Islamic vs. conventional banking: Business model, efficiency and stability.Journal of Banking Finance,37(2), 433-447. Bourkhis, K., Nabi, M. S. (2013). Islamic and conventional banks' soundness during the 20072008 financial crisis.Review of Financial Economics,22(2), 68-77. Gopalakrishnan, B., Mohapatra, S. (2017).Turning Over a Golden Leaf? Global Liquidity and Emerging Market Central Banks Demand for Gold after the Financial Crisis(No. WP 2017-04-02). Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department. Hesse, H., Poghosyan, T. (2016). Oil prices and bank profitability: evidence from major oil-exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa. InFinancial Deepening and Post-Crisis Development in Emerging Markets(pp. 247-270). Palgrave Macmillan US. Home | DUBAI ISLAMIC BANK. (2017). Dib.ae. Retrieved 6 November 2017, from https://www.dib.ae/ Kapan, M. T., Minoiu, C. (2013).Balance sheet strength and bank lending during the global financial crisis(No. 13-102). International Monetary Fund. Mohamed, W. M. H. (2016). Corporate Governance Practices of the Middle East Banking Sector: A Comparative Analysis between Islamic and Conventional Banks.Journal of Finance,4(1), 99-111. Personal Banking | NBAD UAE. (2017). Nbad.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017, from https://www.nbad.com/en-ae/personal-banking.html Personal, Online Business Banking Services UAE - ADCB. (2017). Adcb.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017, from https://www.adcb.com/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Rosman, R., Wahab, N. A., Zainol, Z. (2014). Efficiency of Islamic banks during the financial crisis: An analysis of Middle Eastern and Asian countries.Pacific-Basin Finance Journal,28, 76-90. Saif-Alyousfi, A. Y., Saha, A., Md-Rus, R. (2017). Shareholders Value of Saudi Commercial Banks: A Comparative Evaluation between Islamic and Conventional Banks using CAMEL Parameters.International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,7(1), 97-105. Sharjah Islamic Bank. (2017). Sib.ae. Retrieved 6 November 2017, from https://www.sib.ae/home Waemustafa, W., Sukri, S. (2015). Bank specific and macroeconomics dynamic determinants of credit risk in Islamic banks and conventional banks.International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,5(2). Waemustafa, W., Sukri, S. (2016). Systematic and unsystematic risk determinants of liquidity risk between Islamic and conventional banks.

Visual Web-Based User Manuals Essay Example

Visual Web-Based User Manuals Essay Visual Web-Based User Manuals Name: Course: Institution: We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Web-Based User Manuals specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Web-Based User Manuals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Web-Based User Manuals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Instructor: Date: Techniques Visual web-based user manuals are instructions or user guides on educational websites. Since innovation has enabled online learning, it is important for instructors to employ effective techniques by incorporating basic active learning principles in the website’s special features. The fundamental aspect in this regard is to develop learning objectives that will help the users to identify what they are required to know by the end of the course. Technical resources and pre-existing software must also be put into consideration in the development of an interactive user interface. The instructor should therefore ensure compatibility and convenience to enable easy access by the user and that more information is available. Effectiveness and interactivity is also enhanced by securing commitment of all users such as the students, faculty, administrators and development of portals to link all of them. The use of hyperlinks, online communication and multimedia are effective when lecture contents are integrated with them creatively. The creative use of slideshows, sound, texts and images should be moderated to avoid deviation from the learning objectives. They should also be aligned with instructional design. Hyperlinks will allow the user to navigate through the pages in the educational websites. Video and audio conferencing over the internet, online discussion, emails and chartrooms provide comprehensive online communication with an effective feedback system. The user can ask questions and clarify certain topics to gauge their degree of understanding. Instructors can enhance the leaning process by creating, simple, efficient and attractive web pages. They should also provide opportunities for self-assessm ent, learning that is problem based and self-directed. On implementation, hyperlinks and online communication should be verified and monitored periodically to prevent difficulty in accessing the web-based user manuals. Benefits and Challenges There are several benefits of providing web-based manuals. Multimedia and graphics incorporated in the web-based manuals makes them attractive to the users, hence motivates them to look through and understand. The inclusion of hyperlinks allows for easy and efficient navigation of the web pages. The user is able to access more information on the particular course if techniques of online communication, hyperlinks and multimedia are applied with precision. Visual web-based manuals also have an advantage of larger space for sufficient packaging as compared to paper manual and they reduce tediousness. Challenges include difficulty in using the manuals among some learners, incompatibility with different web browsers and development of effective navigation through hyperlinks. If the user does not have online connectivity, he or she cannot access the manual. Therefore a paper manual must be produced along with the web-based manual and this increases costs.

Fermentation Essay Example

Fermentation Essay Example Fermentation Essay Fermentation Essay Background research Agitation is a procedure carried out by many micro-organisms and which produces a assortment of utile compounds and this reaction is really of import in industry for baking and brewing. In agitation, C dioxide gas bubbles out of the solution into the air go forthing a mixture of ethyl alcohol and H2O. Ethanol can be separated from the mixture by fractional distillment. Agitation must be carried out in the absence of air to do intoxicant. If air is present, ethanoic acid is made alternatively of intoxicant. This reaction is really of import in industry for baking and brewing. Yeast, is most normally used in baking to interrupt glucose, or other sugars to bring forth different merchandises. In baking and brewing different type of barm is used. An enzyme called saccharase will change over a sugar called sucrose into smaller sugar molecules called glucose and fruit sugar. Glucose is fermented by the barm to ethanol and carbon dioxide. : The released C dioxide causes dough to lift and to keep it high. The produced intoxicant contributes to the staff of life s spirit. The optimum temperature for barm to ferment sugar is 32 A ; deg ; C. In warmer temperature ( 45 A ; deg ; C ) the barm cells will decease. Besides fructose and sucrose attention used by the barm as agitation substrates. Sucrose is straight transformed by an enzyme called saccharase, into glucose and fructose. Sucrose is a good substrate for agitation. When saccharose or glucose is added to the dough, they are faster fermented than malt sugar. Sugars are little molecules which belong to the category of saccharides. As the name implies, a saccharide is a molecule whose molecular expression can be expressed in footings of merely C and H2O. For illustration, glucose has the expression C6 ( H2O ) 6 and sucrose has the expression C6 ( H2O ) 11. More complex saccharides such as amylum and cellulose are polymers of glucose. The difference between a monosaccharose and a disaccharide can be seen in the undermentioned illustration: How make enzymes work? Enzymes speeds up the biochemical reactions and they work best at an optimal temperature, nevertheless if the temperature has increased it will supply more kinetic energy to the molecules involved. Therefore the figure of hits between enzyme and substrate will increase every bit good as the rate of reaction. If temperature rises above the optimal the enzymes will be denatured. The bonds which are keeping the construction together will interrupt and the active sites lose their form and will no longer respond. Mention hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chemie.uni-regensburg.de/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/D-fermentation_sugar-e.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lycos.com/info/fermentation sugars.html? page=2 Investigating the affects of sugar on the rate of agitation The purpose To look into on how different types of sugars can impact the rate of agitation. There are two different types of sugars that I am traveling to which are monosaccharide and disaccharide sugars. Introduction Respiration is the release of energy from glucose or another organic chemical. The chemical energy in glucose can be used to supply the energy required for growing, fix and motion. This is a controlled procedure that occurs in little stairss and each measure requires respiratory enzymes. These enzymes allow the procedure to take topographic point at organic structure temperature 37C A ; deg ; .m Aerobic Respiration is the normal signifier of respiration. It requires O and releases the most energy from glucose. This signifier of respiration occurs within the chondriosome. Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2+H2O + Energy However, it is possible for respiration to take topographic point without O in a procedure known as anaerobiotic respiration. It besides releases energy from glucose but non every bit much. When barm respires anaerobically it produces C dioxide and intoxicant. When we respire we produce lactic acid. Excessively much lactic acid causes weariness to our musculuss. Yeast produces ethyl alcohol ( intoxicant ) when it respires anaerobically and finally the ethyl alcohol will kill the barm. We can respire in both ways excessively. Normally we use oxygen, but when we are exerting, we may non acquire adequate O into our blood, so our musculuss start to respire anaerobically. Word equation for anaerobiotic respiration: Glucose lactic acid + Energy C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + Energy Sugars can be categorized as either simple or complex depending on their chemical construction, in other words the figure of carbohydrates ( glucids ) they are composed of such as: Monosaccharide Are the most basic unit of saccharides and they are the simplest signifier of sugar. Examples of monosaccharide include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Monosaccharides are the edifice blocks of disaccharides such as sucrose and polyoses ( such as cellulose and amylum ) . Disaccharide Two monosaccharose joined together by a glycosidic linkage is called a dual sugar or disaccharide. The most common disaccharide is sucrose. It is composed of glucose and fruit sugar. Sucrose is normally used by workss to transport sugar from one portion of the works to another. Polysaccharide Polysaccharides are polymeric saccharide constructions, formed of reiterating units joined together by glycosidic bonds. These constructions are frequently additive, but may incorporate assorted grades of ramification. When all the monosaccharose in a polyose is the same type the polyose is called a gay polyose, but when more than one type of monosaccharose is present they are called hetero polyoses. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.polypeptide-polysaccharide.com/ Hypothesis I hypothesise that glucose sugar which is a monosaccharose will hold a greater rate of agitation than saccharose which a disaccharide sugar. Justification There are different types of sugars that have different effects on the reproduction of barm, which would hold an consequence on the rate of agitation. Therefore, I am traveling to look into the chief two sugars ( Monosaccharide and disaccharides ) to look into which type of sugar will hold a greater rate of agitation. Monosaccharides are simple sugars made of 1 molecule of sugar whereas disaccharides are complex sugars made of two molecule of sugar. So, my hypothesis would be that glucose will increase the rate of agitation than sucrose because glucose is a monosaccharose sugar and therefore has one unit of sugar. This will enable the enzymes in the barm to interrupt down the bonds of the simple sugar really easy with less energy, and short period of clip. Whereas saccharose has two unit of sugars and therefore has twice every bit much bonds as glucose sugar which will decelerate down the enzymes action in interrupting down the bonds, as it requires more energy with longer period of clip to interrupt down the bonds. So, in order to look into whether my hypothesis is right or incorrect, I will necessitate to execute the experiment by proving the chief two sugars glucose ( Monosaccharide ) and sucrose ( disaccharides ) . Experimental method In the experimental method I have decided to utilize the technique of titration. A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to find the concentration of an unknown solution. So in this experiment, I am traveling to utilize the titration technique to happen out which type of sugar will bring forth a greater rate of agitation. Typically, the titrant is added from a burette to a known measure of the analyte ( the unknown solution ) until the reaction is complete. Knowing the volume of titrant added allows the finding of the concentration of the unknown. Often, an index is used to normally signal the terminal of the reaction, the end point. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/titratn.html Here are some of import setup that are of import to transport out the titration method: * Burette: The burettes are chiefly used for titrations to present one reactant until the precise terminal point of the reaction is reached. Burette used to mensurate the volume of a solution accurately which can be read to an truth of half a division that is to 0.05 cm3.  · Conical flask, beaker: The conelike flasks, beakers are used for commixture, reactant and transporting but non for accurate measurings. The volume stamped on the sides of the conelike flask and beaker is approximative and accurate to within 5 % . * Pipette: Pipets are used to mensurate little sums of solution really accurately and it has a bulb to pull the solution into the pipette. It transfers 25 cm3 ( normally to  ±0.05 cm3 ) of a solution into a conelike flask. * Funnel: is a pipe with a broad, frequently conelike oral cavity and a narrow root ( this will be needed to do certain the transferring of the Na hydrated oxide into the burette in smooth and safe as possible ) . * 0.1M of Na hydrated oxide: will be used as the solution in the burette which will bespeak the sum of base that is needed to neutralize the acid in the fermented solution. * Phenolphthalein bespeaking solution: this index solution will assist us see when the solution in the conelike flask alterations, it is really of import that we use the same sum of beads on both solutions this will assist us acquire an accurate coloring material alteration consequence. Apparatus: * 2 g dried beer maker s barm. * 200cm 0.2 M fruit sugar. * 200cm 0.2 M milk sugar. * 2 ten 0.5 g ammonium phosphate. * 2 ten 0.5 g ammonium sulfate. * 3 ten 250cm broad necked conelike flask. * 2 ten silicone gum elastic spile with two holes. * 3 ten glass agitation lock. * 3 ten 15cm dead set glass pipette with 3cm gum elastic tube. * 3 ten limitation cartridge holder ( Hoffman cartridge holder ) . * 3 ten glass rod. * 50cm burette. * 3 ten pipettes. * 0.1 M Na hydrated oxide solution ( about 400cm ) . * Phenolphthalein index solution and dropping pipette. Procedure for twenty-four hours 1: 1. Label two 250cm flask: fruit sugar and lactose and control ( H2O ) . Add 200cm of 0.2 M sugar solution to the named flasks and 200cm of H2O to the control flask. 2. Add 2 g of dried beer maker s barm and so 1 g of ammonium salts to each flask ( 0.5 g each of ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate ) . 3. Ensure that the barm is respuspended and the salts are dissolved in the sugar solution by carefully stirring each solution with a different glass rod. 4. Carefully and steadfastly infix the agitation lock and dead set pipette into the silicone gum elastic spiles. 5. topographic point the spiles steadfastly into the cervix of the flasks To help the agitation the flask should be placed in an brooder ( 15 20 C ) . Procedure for twenty-four hours 2: 1. Put up a burette incorporating 0.1 M Na hydrated oxide solution. 2. Twirl the flask to guarantee a homogeneous mix of civilization and take a sum of 25cm of sample ( 10cm + 15cm ) . 3. Put the remotion sample into a little flask and add two or three beads of phenolphthalein solution. 4. Plot a histogram of the volume of the base used to neutralize each sugar solution. The histogram can be used to bespeak the extent of agitation. Justifying twenty-four hours one process: There are few things that can impact the readying of the solutions which are normally known as a possible mistakes and these mistake can come from: Weighing balance: we used the 2 denary topographic point balance to weigh our samples and I think the deliberation of the sample would non be dependable as it measures to 2 denary topographic points. In this instance our consequences might be undependable because we can non find whether it is the exact weight of the sample we are mensurating. For illustration if we weighed out 3g of barm on the 2 denary topographic point balance it would merely demo 3.00g, whereas if we used another balancer which measures the sample to an truth of 4 denary topographic points it would hold been better because it would give us 3.0000g. Stiring rod: depending on the gait of stirring the solution if we did nt utilize the stirring rod gently and often it would impact the solubility of the sample that we are doing, this is because sometimes we may believe that all the solid portion in a solution are to the full dissolved in the sample. However, sometimes a little sum of the solid may non fade out decently without detecting it. Therefore, it is really of import that we had to stir the solution gently and often so that the full solid are wholly dissolved. Room temperature: go forthing the solution to ferment over dark the temperature of the room is non changeless because at dark the temperature decreases which would hold an consequence on the rate of reaction of the agitation by decelerating the reaction down. It would hold been better if I could utilize a H2O bath so we can take a full control of the temperature and besides do it changeless. Duration for agitation: the continuance that was provided for agitation was non plenty for the barm to ferment, if the solution was left for longer period clip the sample might hold fermented better and besides if would hold left the solution for longer dark likely 2 to 3 darks it would hold been better excessively. However, go forthing the samples for more than 4 to 6 darks could impact the rate of agitation because the longer we leave a sample the more contaminated the sample may acquire by bacteriums. Justifying the process of twenty-four hours 2: In twenty-four hours 2 we have used the technique of titration to happen out which type of sugar will bring forth a greater rate of agitation. However, the manual titration technique is non every bit accurate as it is industries. The titration technique is carried more accurately on an industrial graduated tables because of the machine-controlled machines that are used are automated which carry out the titration in a more accurate manner and more than one sample at a clip. The titration method: the method merely allows us to make one titration at one time which was non suited for our clip graduated table. We were utilizing two burettes one for each solution but we still had to run one burette at a clip. Time: I think the period of the titration was non sufficient because we had to transport out three titrations and three repetitions for each type of sugar including the control, maintaining in head that we had to enter the all values accurately from the titration. Therefore, we would hotfoot in the experiment to complete all the titrations every bit rapidly as we perchance can, so we would non transport out the probe in an appropriate manner which could impact our overall consequence. Recording the consequences and how many repetitions will be performed In this probe I will be utilizing two types of sugars which are glucose and sucrose and a control which is H2O. For each type of sugar including the control I will do 3 repetitions so that I can acquire an mean consequence of the volume of the Na hydrated oxide which has been used. I would execute a unsmooth titration for each sugar to assist me to make up ones mind about where the terminal point is traveling to be and how much volume of the Na hydrated oxide will I need to neutralize the solution that I am proving Type Titre1 Cm? Titre2 Cm? Titre3 Cm? Average Cm? Glucose 22.65 34.85 25.90 27.80 Sucrose 52.00 40.45 40.750 46.73 Control 8.15 17.60 8.15 11.30 Once I have completed the experiment and recorded my consequences accurately to two denary topographic points, so I will work the mean consequence for both sugars and the control for illustration, for glucose sugar I would add the consequences that I have obtained including the unsmooth one and so split the reply by three. Once I have calculated the mean consequence for both sugars and the control, so I would plot a graph to demo the volume of Na hydrated oxide that has been used to neutralize each solution which will assist to compare which type of sugar fermented better. Titration consequences Decision from the consequences During the titration procedure I kept watching for the coloring material of the solution we were titrating to alter from nebulose white solution to a light pink coloring material. The light tap color indicate that that neutralization of the solution we are giggling is completed which known as the terminal point. Looking at this tabular array it shows that saccharose has a greater rate of agitation than glucose because it has a higher titer of Na hydrated oxide that was needed to neutralize the solution. Therefore, this indicates that saccharose was more acidic and more CO2 dissolved in the sample that we were proving and besides more agitation evaluation took topographic point. Accuracy of process and each piece of equipment used Each piece of equipment we have used, we take the volumes reading from the underside of the semilunar cartilage. Burette used to mensurate the volume of a solution accurately which can be read to an truth of half a division that is to 0.05 cm3. * Rinse equipments before usage: We have used distilled H2O to rinse the equipment before we carry out our probe because the equipment may non rinse decently so it contains other solutions which would do our consequences undependable. By rinsing the equipment before utilizing them, would diminish the possibility of acquiring of taint. * Labeling equipments: We had to label the conelike flasks to guarantee that the right sugar is in its labeled conelike flask because sugars look the same so labelling conelike flasks would assist us place the solution rapidly without acquiring assorted up of which sugar belongs to which flask. * Ammonium salt: As we know that yeast gets nutrient from the milieus and hence, we have used the ammonium salt and ammonium phosphate is to feed the barm with alimentary as ammonium hydroxide contributes to nutritionary demands of such being.  · Using room temperature for agitation: Because enzymes within barms are from different home grounds therefore utilizing different temperatures for each type of sugar would impact the agitation procedure. Therefore we decided to utilize room temperature as it is suited for both types of sugar and the barm in which perform the agitation procedure.  · Twirling flasks: It is really of import that we had to twirl the flasks decently before taking the samples out because it would assist guarantee that all the solids are to the full dissolved in the solution and becomes complete solution.  · Using pipette filler to take the samples: we would be utilizing pipette filler because it is good equipment for taking about 25cm3 of the solution.  · Phenolphthalein index: We have used this index solution to assist us to see when the solution in the conelike flask alterations, so we had to utilize the same sum of beads on both solutions so that we get an accurate coloring material alteration consequence. Evaluation: The dependability and the truth of the probe: It is really of import that we had to follow all the instructions carefully that were provided to us because it would assist us work more accurately and acquire better consequence on our experiment. However, we would non anticipate to acquire the same consequences for each repetition of titration, because it depends on finding the terminal point of the reaction. For illustration, the cloudy white coloring material is rather similar to the light tap color therefore ; sometimes it is hard to find whether the exact terminal point has been achieved or non, and so we would nt anticipate to acquire the same consequences for each clip we repeat the experiment. As a consequence, it would be better to keep the solution up to the visible radiation to assist us find the exact terminal which is the light pink colur in the same scope. As we know that barms perform better under anaerobiotic conditions, so if O got into the solution so the status inside the conelike flask will alter to aerobic and the procedure of agitation will non take topographic point. As a consequence, we had to guarantee that the procedure is taking topographic point with the absence of O conditions, so we ensured that the spile was steadfastly fastened into the conelike flask that contained the fermenting solution. It was really of import that that the spile was fastened otherwise the air that came from the environing would impact the barm respiration by acquiring into the conelike flask to the solution that we were fermenting. Furthermore, if the spile is non fastened decently so C dioxide will leak from the conelike flask would impact on the sourness of the solution because the Na hydrated oxide needs to be titrated with an acidic substance so to accomplish neutralization of the solution in the flask. Therefore, maintaining the spile fastened will maintain the procedure of agitation under anaerobiotic status. When the samples had been left to ferment nightlong, bubbles were produced on the top of the solution because the bubbles were formed from the C dioxide gas being given off from the reaction in the solution. This may hold an consequence on the measuring of the solution in both the pipettes and burettes because the solution must be measured from its semilunar cartilage. Therefore we have got to be careful while taking the reading of the solution to take from the semilunar cartilage which is the curve at the top of the liquid if did so we would acquire more accurate and dependable consequences. There is another factor which can do our probe undependable which the temperature. This can hold a major consequence on the rate of agitation because enzymes are really sensitive to temperature. Enzymes speeds up the biochemical reactions and they work best at an optimal temperature, nevertheless if the temperature has increased it will supply more kinetic energy to the molecules involved. Therefore the figure of hits between enzyme and substrate will increase every bit good as the rate of reaction. If temperature rises above the optimal the enzymes will be denatured. The bonds which are keeping the construction together will interrupt and the active sites lose their form and will no longer respond. There are some factors in which can hold an consequence on our overall consequence such as, room temperature, weighing and the concentration of the samples. So Now I traveling to do a tabular array to demo the variables, the effects they may impact the probe and how they can be controlled during the experiment to acquire more accurate and dependable informations. Controls and variables during this experiment: Variables The effects on the experiment How could it be controlled Room temperature As we know the room temperature is non changeless therefore it would impact the enzymes action during the procedure of agitation We could hold made the temperature changeless if we placed the samples inside an brooder which will assist the enzymes work better. Weighing Another factor that could impact our overall consequence is that being really near to the weighing balancer while we are weighing our samples because take a breathing on the balancer changes the reading of the sample In order to optimize the effects of the air on the weighing balancer while we are taking the reading of the sample is to utilize an accurate deliberation balancer which is surrounded by glass frame and gives the reading of the sample to four denary topographic points. Concentration of sample If we used the incorrect concentration of the sugars, this would impact on our consequences. In order to do certain that we are utilizing the right concentration we have look carefully at the labels of the solutions which indicates the name of the solution and its concentration. Beginnings Used hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chemie.uni-regensburg.de/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/D-fermentation_sugar-e.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.practicalchemistry.org/experiments/fermentation-of-glucose-using-yeast,109, EX.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chemie.uni-regensburg.de/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/D-fermentation_sugar-e.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/polysaccharide.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gcsescience.com/rc17-fermentation-yeast-alcohol.htm

Diagnosis and the Treatment Planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diagnosis and the Treatment Planning - Case Study Example The full range of approaches would be based on establishment of a secure therapeutic relationship which may move gradually into formal psychoanalytic therapy. The motivation and life situations are important to understand since they extensively contribute to the development of psychosis, which in this case is manifested by delusions. Family interventions are not possible in this case. The need-adapted approach should be based on idiographic assessment of his needs and the type of treatment suited to these needs. Need-adapted approaches, although difficult to design, are more suitable since the overall therapy would depend on several interventions over time rather than a single approach. The therapy would thus not only aim towards reduction of psychotic symptomatology, but also would address a number of developmental trajectories, the deviations from which are responsible for the current symptomatology. For his alcohol dependency, counseling and psychotherapy again are important compo nents of effective treatment. Although psychosocial interventions are recommended, it would take time to arrange a supportive network for this patient. In this case given his dual diagnosis, apart from psychotherapy improved drug therapy may also be employed.

Interprofessional Education Workshop Assignment

Interprofessional Education Workshop - Assignment Example The first way in which the workshop expressions show a need to fill the gap of the health profession with the right education is through the roles of each individual. In the first segment of the workshop, basic introductions and expectations of the field which one was studying were given. During this part of the workshop, each individual stated their field of study and how this would be used in the profession after graduation. It could instantly be seen that there was a gap in the understanding of what each individual was doing. In one participant describing the pharmaceutical role she played, others questioned what that meant and what she would be doing. The discussion led to the need to define why the individual was in the group, how it related to medicine and what the expectations were. Even though the individual would be in a health department and team, the collaboration was limited by the inability to understand the specialization that each of the members had. If there are these gaps with the basic job descriptions and roles which each individual holds, then it won’t provide the right support for patients while working in a health professional setting. The concept of interprofessional education works by filling this gap so basic introductions of those working in the field are understood. The practice of knowing what each individual is required to do is one of the ways in which the gap is shortened while in the field. This is combined with understanding what an individual has the capacity of doing while in the field. The practice of collaboration that the education offers is the beginning to understanding the processes which each individual should go through while building a basic understanding of what the roles of the professionals are within a health setting (D’amour, Oandasan, 2005, 8).  

Roof Rain Water Harvesting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Roof Rain Water Harvesting - Essay Example They are also considered as a decentralized water supply units where ground water resource is becoming very scarce and the cost of the replacement of various components in the municipal supply systems are becoming very high. The entire system of rainwater harvesting starts with a siphonic roof drainage unit which could drain the water from the roof to an onsite storage tank. This water is filtered and is used for various applications either indoor or outdoor as discussed earlier. In addition to savings in the water costs it would also help to obtain the building permits very easily due to the importance given in the renewable energy systems. The car park area is a very limited space and hence the rational method would be sufficient to compute the runoff into the storm sewers. As the carpark could be expected to be covered the area of the drainage basin shall be taken as the roof area. And the volume of the water available shall be computed as the area of the car park roof multiplied by the depth of rainfall. This quantity is emptied into the storm drains placed on the ground using conveyer pipes whose cross section is decided based on the intensity of rainfall. The intensity values would be helpful to understand how quicker the rainfall reaches the roof. Thus the discharge from the roof is computed using rational formula by substituting appropriate values for intensity of rainfall, time of concentration and coefficient of runoff. Major components of rainwater harvesting unit. Irrespective of the type of rainwater harvesting unit the important components that are attached to a typical roof top units are as follows: Figure 1 Layout of rainwater harvesting system (CRIACC, 2008) (i) Collection systems: The collection region consists of various arrangements installed to collect water from the catchments. In the case of roof top unit, the catchment is referred to the roof top available for harvesting the rain water. The systems to convey water to the storage starts from the catchments. Thus the conveyance systems consists of series of gutters and down pipes that are necessary to direct the water from the roof top catchment to the desired location of storage. (ii) Vessels for storage: The tanks or holding vessel of estimated volume shall be provided for storing the water collected during the rains. The water in the storage units would be left unused until the time of lean season. (iii) Roof wash system: A small portion of initial part of the rains is diverted using cisterns for cleaning purpose and also to remove the debris. Thus volume of water of about 20 gallons is often used for this purpose which often improves the water quality. (iv) The water delivery system: This consists of series of network of pipes and other arrangements that are installed for proper delivery of water. If the water need to be lifted to higher elevation then separate pumps need to be installed to lift the water to higher elevation. Some time, if the water is used for irrigation purpose, then suitable arrangements need to be installed to facilitate the process. (v) Filtration: The process of removing any suspended debris or fine dust from the water referred as the filtration. For most of the situations the filtration unit

Ghost In The Nursery And Compulsion To Repeat Psychology Essay

Ghost In The Nursery And Compulsion To Repeat Psychology Essay In this essay I will be referring to Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud and Selma Fraiberg to explain how psychoanalytic theory views the ghost in the nursery and the compulsion to repeat, and John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth and Peter Fonagy to account for these concepts on behalf of the attachment theory. This essay is organized as follows. First, I define the main concepts in question and relate these to Fraiberg. Then I discuss to what extent affect regulation and mentalization (Fonagy and Ainsworth) can explain these concepts. Secondly, I turn my attention to classical psychoanalysis and how transference helps us understand the compulsion to repeat. From internal conflict I move on to the external environment and how Bowlby views its importance to repetition and ghosts. Finally, I discuss Anna Freuds defence mechanism of identification with the aggressor. Whilst going through these different explanations I identify how much each theorist is accounting for these concepts and show that neither the attachment theory on its own nor the psychoanalytic theory singly explain the compulsion to repeat and the ghost in the nursery. Moreover, attachment theories also have a psychoanalytic background,  [1]  so one cannot exclude the psychoanalytic influence from attachment theory. So as we will see studies in attachment theory quantify, backup and build up from the psychoanalytic theory. In the paper Ghosts in the nursery, Fraiberg, Adelson and Shapiro (1975) use the term ghosts to represent negative experiences parents had as children which they repressed and excluded all feelings from, in order to deal with the situation. Fraiberg et al. argue that if parents do not allow themselves to feel this pain, they will be pushing the affect associated with these memories into the unconscious (i.e. repression). Consequently, unresolved issues will manifest themselves in dreams and in behaviours with their own infants. Like ghosts, unresolved issues are invisible (unconscious), and like ghosts, they come back to haunt us. Such parents are likely to unconsciously repeat their parents behaviour with their own children since they would not be able to empathise with them and understand their feelings. Fraiberg et al.s (1975) explanation gives importance to affect regulation of parents to be able to identify with the distressed child in them. Their hypothesis is substantiated by observations in their clinical experience but this methodology is subjective as no measuring tools are identified for this intergenerational link. Moreover, this account may be deterministic and reductionist: no feeling of childhood pains will result in compulsion to repeat pains caused to them on their children. It appears that development does not teach us anything and later experiences are not able to dispel the ghost. As we will see, whereas for Fraiberg et al. there is something extra in the nursery the ghosts, for Fonagy there is something missing the mothers ability to mentalize. Fonagy, Steele, M., Moran, Steele, H., and Higgitt (1991) use the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)  [2]  and Ainsworths Strange Situation  [3]  (SS) (Ainsworth, Waters Wall, 1978) to prove the link between the adults type of attachment to their own parent/s to the attachment they build with their own children. They explain that the attachment we build with our parents acts as an internal working model which compels parents to repeat this attachment with their children. Fonagy et al. argue that parents need to be able to attune to the feelings expressed by their infants since they do not yet have the mental capacity to understand their feelings (psychic containment). However if a parent is not able to observe her own mental function, it is highly unlikely that she  [4]  is able to reflect the infants feelings.  [5]  This will hinder the child from developing a reflective self, leading to the use of defensive thinking processes which are likely à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to distort, disorganize, or limit access to memories, feelings, interactions and recognition of options (Main, 1991, p. 146). This lack of meta-cognitive monitoring  [6]  may lead to a vicious circle as the infant will not be able to provide an appropriate psychic development to his own infant, leading to the compulsion to repeat and to the ghosts to reappear in the nursery. So Fonagy et al. (1991) in their study are proving the intergenerational link in attachment behaviour hypothesised by Fraiberg et al. (1979). For Fonagy et al. what needs to be present in the nursery is the mothers ability to mentalize and the presence of ghosts is not acknowledged. Fonagys theory postulates that the mother should be able to contain the child, but does not account what the mother does with her understanding of her childs mental state. If the mother understands that the child is frustrated, will she always know what to do to regulate her childs emotions? Fonagy and Target (1994) also relate the trauma experienced in early childhood with how feelings are evoked in the people in their adult life to confirm childhood identifications. Since the therapeutic situation is likely to recreate the nursery, I will be giving Fonagy and Targets example to explain how ghosts may be dispelled from the nursery. Fonagy (in Fonagy and Target, 1994) relates how, as an analyst his patient (Mr. T) had blocked painful feelings in childhood so that he was not in touch with his mental state. According to Fonagy and Target (1994, p. 53-54) what frees us from this state is being mentally involved with someone (e.g. in therapy) that clarifies our sense of identity through their (the therapists) mental state. In this way, Fonagy is explaining the role of thinking processes about ourselves (mentalizing) in the compulsion to repeat and reappearance of ghosts. Thus, if the therapeutic situation is reflecting real life, the mother needs to be in able to reflect abo ut why she is doing things so that she is aware not the repeat and invoke the ghosts of her childhood into her childs nursery. Freud and Breuer (1893) first refer to people forgetting certain moments in life in their paper on Hysteria. They argue that due to trauma, experiences in a persons life are not available to conscious thought, and so properly abreacted. This occurred either because these experiences were so painful that their bearer decided to forget them or because they occurred when the person was in an abnormal psychical state (p. 11). They argue that during such situations splitting of consciousness occurs, making it difficult for the person to connect to his memories, and so the feeling related to the experience is transformed into a physical symptom. At this time Freud dealt with these forgetful memories by inducing a hypnotic state in his patients whereby they could associate memories to their feelings and release cathartic energy. However, soon Freud realised that through hypnosis he was forcing people to talk about their memories and was not allowing resistance to occur. It was when Freud (1905) was analysing Dora that he discovered a form of repetition in relationship which he called transference. In the nursery, transference occurs when the mother acts out unconscious wishes with her child. Freud (1909) surmises that these repressed experiences are like ghosts who reappear in our life and will not go away until we face them: like an unlaid ghost, it cannot rest until the mystery has been solved and the spell broken (Freud 1909, p. 122). Freuds first reference to the compulsion to repeat was in 1914 when he postulated that in obsessional neurosis, forgetting is characterized by dissolving thought-connections (Freud 1914, p. 149). Although the person does not remember the trauma, he unconsciously re-enacts this event in his life thus inviting ghosts in the nursery. The more resistance there is to repress the memories, the more the person will replace remembering by acting out. The resolution of this resistance lies in how the therapist handles transf erence. Transference acting as a playground (Freud 1914, p. 154) allows repressed material to show the secret of its game in the persons mind and for the analyst to work through what the resistance consists of. According to Freuds theory, the compulsion to repeat can only be resolved through transference or the acting out of the compulsion and overcoming resistance a concept which Fraiberg does not recognise. While Freud gives importance to childhood trauma, he does not dedicate equal importance to how current experiences effect a persons life. Nor does Freud give any importance to the affects which as we have seen Fraiberg and Fonagy give so much importance to. Freuds main explanation for the compulsion to repeat is that it is a result internal conflict. He (1920) postulates that the compulsion to repeat is ingrained in our human nature. Freud (1920) states that the function of the pleasure principle is to reduce unpleasure. Material enacted in the compulsion to repeat was once repressed because it was not pleasurable to one of the systems, so the mental apparatus will struggle to keep these instincts away from consciousness. These instincts are persistently trying to push their way into consciousness, and this is felt as unsatisfying by the ego. Impulses can nonetheless breach the protective shield in traumatic dreams, forms of play and as already explained, in transference. Freud (1920) attempts to interpret reasons why children in the nursery are compelled to repeat some actions. He recalls boy re-enacting his mothers disappearance and appearance in games. This repetition of the distressing experience (p. 15) causes pleasure to the child. This could be because the mothers departure is followed by the pleasure of her arrival or during repetition, the child changed from being passive in the real event to playing an active role in the game by throwing away toys he is revenging against his mother for leaving him, something that he cannot do in real life. This part gives him pleasure and causes him to repeat the act. By repeating what has impressed him during the day, the boy can abreact his feelings. In doing so, his game is also reflecting a wish to be grown-up (p. 17) and taking control like adults do. Children can also repeat distressing experiences with peers, causing distress to them and revenging on their playmate who might be representing the real distressing object. Thus, Freud is explaining that a person may use this defence of repeating because it satisfies the pleasure principle but this could also reflect the daemonic aspect inside us. Bowlby criticises Freud for only looking at the persons internal conflict and for not giving enough attention to the persons external environment (1979, p. 21), suggesting that ghosts can be dispelled by environmental change. Bowlby (1969) refers to experiments on rhesus monkeys (Griffin and Harlow, 1966) and on puppies (Scott, 1963) to point out to a sensitive period in which attachment can be formed or be forever doomed. In these studies, animals that were kept away from contact for the first six months of their life did not show recovery of social interactions. He postulates that attachment, or the loss of it (deprivation), acts in similar way in infants. Thus, if a baby is not shown sensitivity, it is unlikely that once a grown-up he would be able to do so with his own children, and so the ghosts of his past will reappear giving him no choice other than to repeat. Bowlby emphasises that attachment is an evolutionary process that helps the infant to survive (the survival of our sp ecies). Conversely, Fonagy (2001) argues that Bowlby gives too much importance to the biological role of attachment. What is important is the infants own survival to distress which could, for instance cause neurodevelopmental abnormalities if he is neglected (Perry, 1997). So what kind of survival would an infant have if attachment is disrupted or inadequate? Bowlbys (1944) own research on juvenile thieves sheds light on the link between hostile and neurotic mothers leading to delinquent children and at times even affectionless characters. This view that the relationship with the mother is important is corroborated by Emde (1999) who suggests that social rules are internalised in early infancy. When an infant has repetitive experiences of stressful episodes he will become hyper-vigilant to his environment leading to persistent physiological hyper-arousal if the mother cannot regulate his emotions. In this case, the infant cannot use the mother to regulate himself and reach homeostasis. This often happens in infants whose attachment is classified as disorganised  [7]  (Lyons-Ruth Block, 1999). According to Hesse and Main (2000) this occurs when the attachment figure frightens or maltreats the toddler. In their study, adults who had a disorganised a ttachment with their children were classified as unresolved/disorganised adult attachment in the AAI. These observations show the likelihood of perpetuating the attachment style from generation to generation. These studies show that Bowlbys theory is backed up by an array of research whereas Freuds theory is only supported by people he came in contact with during their analysis. Bowbly saw it important to ground his work on science rather than Freuds psychic energy. Bowlby (1979) suggests that the infant forms an inner working model which acts as a cognitive map for future relationships from the cradle to the grave (p. 129). This has been supported by studies such as that of Hazan and Shaver (1987) where attachment styles (Ainsworth et al., 1978) in infancy are applied to love relationships in adulthood. Bowlby explains that when one becomes a parent powerful emotions are evoked related to how one felt as a child towards his parents and siblings (p. 17). A parent might not be able to regulate these old feelings because she has not resolved the ambivalent conflict concerning these feelings. When the parent was young, she might have defended herself against these feelings by repressing, displacing or projecting them. With all the changes parenthood brings with it, these conflicts are renewed and come back to haunt us. Such a parent will find herself tormented by these forces and has no option other then resorting to the primitive defences used in childhood to deal with feelings regarding her own child, using her own children as her scapegoats. Unfortunately parents are not aware of these processes or the intentions behind their actions. For Bowlby in order to abolish the ghost, the most important thing is to commit to change in the environment change in the caregivers behaviour and in the defences used. Although different terminology is being used in this explanation, the reasoning behind it is very similar to that postulated by Failberg, mainly that childhood defense hinder the caregiver to feel through her childhood trauma. Anna Freud suggests that another defence mechanism is at play in the compulsion to repeat. For Anna Freud (1936, p. 117-131) parents undergo the compulsion to repeat because of an ego defense experienced in their childhood which she labels identification with the aggressor. If a child endures a trauma, he feels helpless and is likely to identify with the aggressor as a normal part of the growth of the superego. This will enable the child to feel stronger and fearless. He will either imitate the actions of the aggressor, take on this features (e.g. wearing high heels to feel tall), or pretend to be the aggressor (1936, p. 121). In this way he does not feel a victim of the aggressor but this leads him to repeat the actions of his aggressor with his toys, peers and later with his own children. Fraiberg et al. (1975) also links the appearance of ghosts in the nursery and the compulsion to repeat with this defense mechanism but affirms that it is not clear why a person chooses this defens e (p. 419). For instance, why didnt the child use the denial in this traumatic situation instead of identification with the aggressor? In this essay, I argued that both psychoanalysts and attachment theorists give importance to the first years of life by linking personality development to attachment. For the two schools of thought, the compulsion to repeat and ghosts in the nursery are due to problems in the infants early environment. Maternal sensitivity is also important to both of them although they interpret the concept in different ways. In attachment theory maternal sensitivity is seen as the behaviour and personality of the caregiver, whilst psychoanalysis is concerned with how the child organises his self development as a result of maternal sensitivity use of unconscious processes (Fonagy, 2001). Thus, we would need a combination of both theories to understand the importance of the caregiver-infant relationship to the compulsion to repeat and ghosts in the nursery. For whilst psychoanalytic theory analyses internal processes in the infant and the mother, attachment theory try to classify and quantify attach ment patterns through an array of research. They explain that repression of the associated affective experience (p. 419) is involved in this defence. So through remembering they are able to identify again with the distressed child in them and the alliance to the aggressor is broken.